CSS Political Science Paper 1 MCQs – Complete Past Papers (All Years)

Introduction

CSS Political Science Paper 1 is a crucial part of the CSS examination. It evaluates candidates’ understanding of political philosophy, governance, democracy, state systems, and administrative principles. Practicing past paper MCQs is one of the most effective ways to prepare because it helps students recognize recurring themes, strengthen their conceptual knowledge, and develop exam confidence.

This post contains MCQs from multiple years of CSS Political Science Paper 1, complete with answers and short explanations. Each year is linked separately so you can easily navigate and practice year-wise.

Why Practice CSS Political Science MCQs?

Helps identify frequently asked concepts and thinkers (Plato, Rousseau, Hobbes, Iqbal, etc.)
Improves speed and accuracy in exams
Provides a ready reference for past paper patterns
Enhances understanding of political theory and international relations

All Years MCQs (Year-Wise Links)

1. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2025 MCQs

1. Which Muslim scholar gave the cyclical theory of ‘Rise and Fall of Sovereign Power’ (state)?
(A) Ibn-e-Khaldun
(B) Shah Waliullah
(C) Ibn-e-Taymiyyah
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Ibn-e-Khaldun
👉 In Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun explained how states and dynasties rise, flourish, and decline due to social and moral changes.

2. According to a Muslim thinker, state is a moral institution to attain good for Millah (nation/people).
(A) Al-Mawardi
(B) Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi
(C) Jamal-ud-din Afghani
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Al-Mawardi
👉 Al-Mawardi emphasized that the state must ensure justice and welfare for the community as a religious and moral duty.

3. ________ collected all the ordinances relating to public law and arranged them in one volume.
(A) Al-Farabi
(B) Imam Ghazali
(C) Al-Mawardi
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Al-Mawardi
👉 In Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, Al-Mawardi organized Islamic public law, covering duties of rulers and governance structures.

4. The book The Open Society and its Enemies is written by:
(A) Karl Popper
(B) Kierkegaard
(C) John Rawls
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Karl Popper
👉 Popper defended liberal democracy and criticized totalitarianism by analyzing the ideas of Plato, Hegel, and Marx.

5. ________ believes in the use of violence in armed insurrections as a means to capture state power.
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Mao Zedong
(C) Immanuel Kant
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Mao Zedong
👉 Mao argued that revolutionary change requires violent struggle, famously saying: “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.”

6. ________ argues that Liberal Democracy is the final form of government for all nations.
(A) J. J. Rousseau
(B) Foucault
(C) Francis Fukuyama
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Francis Fukuyama
👉 In The End of History and the Last Man, Fukuyama claimed that liberal democracy represents the peak of political evolution.

7. ‘Theory of Hegemony’ is propounded by:
(A) Montesquieu
(B) Derrida
(C) Jean Paul Sartre
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (D) None of these
👉 The correct name is Antonio Gramsci, who explained how ruling classes maintain control through cultural and ideological dominance.

8. ________ believes in rigid type of equality and aimed at the collective ownership of all means of production.
(A) Capitalism
(B) Socialism
(C) Marxism
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Marxism
👉 Marxism supports abolition of private property and collective ownership to establish classless equality.

9. Which one of these is not a social contract theorist?
(A) Thomas Hobbes
(B) J. Locke
(C) J. J. Rousseau
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (D) None of these
👉 Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau are all social contract theorists, so “None of these” is correct.

10. According to Iqbal, the concept of Ummah is based on:
(A) Asabiyyah
(B) Individuality
(C) Khudi
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Khudi
👉 Iqbal’s philosophy of Khudi (selfhood) emphasized individual and collective strength of Muslims forming the Ummah.

11. Who gave the concept of ‘Political Sovereignty’?
(A) Jean Bodin
(B) J. J. Rousseau
(C) Montesquieu
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Jean Bodin
👉 Bodin, in the 16th century, introduced the idea of sovereignty as the absolute and perpetual power of the state.

12. The term ‘Law’ is derived from the German word:
(A) Logos
(B) Lag
(C) League
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Lag
👉 The word “law” originates from the German lag, meaning something laid down, fixed, or established.

13. Change in the government is an important feature of a democratic system which is made possible through holding of:
(A) Coup d’etat
(B) Anomie Political Movement
(C) Fresh Elections
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Fresh Elections
👉 Peaceful transfer of power through elections is a hallmark of democracy.

14. Which one of these is not the principle of Islamic state?
(A) Sovereignty of God
(B) Justice
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (D) None of these
👉 Both sovereignty of God and justice are essential principles, so “None of these” is correct.

15. Constitutional law is considered:
(A) Subordinate law of the land
(B) Supreme law of the land
(C) Municipal law
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Supreme law of the land
👉 The constitution is the highest law, and all other laws derive authority from it.

16. Public administration is the study of the:
(A) Government affairs
(B) Social movement
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Government affairs
👉 Public administration focuses on organization, policies, and functioning of government institutions.

17. Public Policy is generally consisting of the set of ________ adopted by a government.
(A) Actions
(B) Regimes
(C) Networks
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Actions
👉 Public policy refers to the set of actions and decisions taken by government to address societal issues.

18. In parliamentary democracy, president is a/an ________ sovereign.
(A) Actual
(B) Titular
(C) De-facto
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Titular
👉 In parliamentary systems, real executive power rests with the Prime Minister, while the president or monarch is a symbolic head.

19. Utilitarian thinkers believed in:
(A) Expanding sphere of state action
(B) Limiting sphere of state action
(C) Totalitarianism
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Limiting sphere of state action
👉 Bentham and Mill argued for limiting state interference to maximize individual happiness.

20. Separation of power is the salient feature of ________ system.
(A) Parliamentary
(B) Presidential
(C) Unitary
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Presidential
👉 In the U.S. presidential model, executive, legislature, and judiciary are kept strictly separate.

2. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2024 MCQs

1. “Man by nature is a social and political animal” is the basis of the philosophy of:
(a) Liberalism
(b) Aristotle
(c) Socialism
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Aristotle
👉 Aristotle viewed humans as naturally political beings who can only fulfill themselves within the state.

2. Leviathan is the work of:
(a) Hegel
(b) James Mill
(c) Hobbes
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Hobbes
👉 In Leviathan (1651), Hobbes argued that absolute authority is necessary to prevent chaos.

3. Rousseau’s political philosophy furnished basis for:
(a) Popular Sovereignty
(b) Absolute Sovereignty
(c) Political Sovereignty
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (a) Popular Sovereignty
👉 Rousseau’s Social Contract emphasized that sovereignty rests with the people.

4. How many essentials are required to constitute a state?
(a) Three
(b) Four
(c) Five
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (b) Four
👉 The essentials of a state are: population, territory, government, and sovereignty.

5. Laissez Faire policy was:
(a) Withdrawal of some restrictions
(b) Control over trade
(c) Control over industry
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (a) Withdrawal of some restrictions
👉 It advocated minimal state interference in economic affairs, promoting free trade.

6. Materialistic interpretation of history was propounded by:
(a) Trotsky
(b) Lenin
(c) Bolsheviks
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (d) None of the above
👉 It was propounded by Karl Marx, who argued history is shaped by material and economic forces.

7. Importance of civil service has grown due to:
(a) Population growth
(b) Increased state activity
(c) Complexity of rules and regulations
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (b) Increased state activity
👉 Expansion of government functions has increased reliance on civil servants.

8. Those who are active against the very existence of state are known as:
(a) Anarchists
(b) Socialists
(c) Terrorists
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (a) Anarchists
👉 Anarchists reject all forms of organized state authority.

9. In Plato’s Ideal State, one reaches the pinnacle of the State order at what age:
(a) 40
(b) 45
(c) 50
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (c) 50
👉 Plato’s philosopher-kings could rule only after 50 years of training and education.

10. The system of Basic Democracies was introduced by:
(a) Gen. Yahya Khan
(b) Gen. Zia-ul-Haq
(c) Z.A. Bhutto
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (d) None of the above
👉 It was introduced by Gen. Ayub Khan in 1959 as a local government system.

11. “Political Science begins and ends with the state” is the statement of:
(a) Joesph Laski
(b) Stephen Leacock
(c) Professor Garner
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (c) Professor Garner
👉 Garner emphasized the central role of the state in political science.

12. Constitution classified as rigid and flexible in Studies in History and Jurisprudence was authored by:
(a) Gilchrist
(b) James Bryce
(c) T.H. Green
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (b) James Bryce
👉 Bryce distinguished between rigid constitutions (difficult to amend) and flexible ones (easily amended).

13. The term Propaganda acquired a derogatory sense:
(a) During World War I
(b) During World War II
(c) During Cold War
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (a) During World War I
👉 The massive use of propaganda in WWI gave the term a negative meaning.

14. Ihya Ulum al-Din is the work of:
(a) Al Ghazali
(b) Al Mawardi
(c) Al Farabi
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (a) Al Ghazali
👉 Al Ghazali’s Ihya Ulum al-Din (Revival of Religious Sciences) is a famous Islamic classic.

15. The Bolshevik movement in Russia was led by:
(a) Stalin
(b) Lenin
(c) Trotsky
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (b) Lenin
👉 Lenin led the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, establishing Soviet Russia.

16. He is known as the major theorist of bureaucracy:
(a) Rene Descartes
(b) Robert Dahl
(c) Max Weber
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (c) Max Weber
👉 Weber emphasized hierarchy, rules, and rational-legal authority in bureaucracy.

17. Decentralization is a feature of:
(a) Federal System
(b) Autocratic System
(c) Unitary System
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (a) Federal System
👉 In federalism, power is distributed between central and regional governments.

18. Separation of Ethics and Politics was the principle notion in the philosophy of:
(a) Lenin
(b) Marx
(c) Machiavelli
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (c) Machiavelli
👉 In The Prince, Machiavelli separated politics from morality, focusing on power and pragmatism.

19. A Bi-cameral Legislation is mostly suited to:
(a) Unitary System
(b) Federal System
(c) Theocratic System
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (b) Federal System
👉 Federal systems (like the U.S.) adopt bicameralism to balance state and national representation.

20. The principle of Judicial Review means to:
(a) Interpret Law
(b) Rewrite Law
(c) Restore Law
(d) None of the above
✅ Answer: (a) Interpret Law
👉 Judicial review allows courts to interpret laws and strike down unconstitutional ones.

3. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2023 MCQs

Q1: The author of “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” is:
(A) John Locke
(B) Thomas Hobbes
(C) J. J. Rousseau
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) John Locke
👉 Locke’s work is foundational in empiricism, emphasizing that knowledge comes from experience.

Q2: How many states’ assent is required to block amendment in US Constitution?
(A) 11
(B) 13
(C) 15
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) 13
👉 According to Article V, 13 states’ rejection can prevent a constitutional amendment.

Q3: Treaty of Westphalia was signed in:
(A) 1600
(B) 1640
(C) 1648
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) 1648
👉 It ended the Thirty Years’ War and established the principle of state sovereignty in Europe.

Q4: Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was formed in:
(A) 1885
(B) 1996
(C) 2000
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) 1996
👉 Founded by Imran Khan, PTI became a major political party in Pakistan.

Q5: What is the party symbol of Republican Party of USA?
(A) Elephant
(B) Horse
(C) Donkey
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Elephant
👉 The elephant symbolizes strength and dignity for the Republican Party.

Q6: When did Pakistan join World Trade Organization?
(A) 2000
(B) 2005
(C) 2007
(D) 1995
✅ Answer: (D) 1995
👉 Pakistan became a member on 1 January 1995 when WTO was established.

Q7: Which US amendment provides women rights?
(A) 18
(B) 19
(C) 20
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) 19
👉 The 19th Amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote in the USA.

Q8: What is the population strength of Plato’s ideal state?
(A) 1012
(B) 1500
(C) 5040
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) 5040
👉 Plato suggested 5040 citizens in The Republic for an ideal, stable state.

Q9: The End of History and the Last Man by Francis Fukuyama was written in:
(A) 1990
(B) 1992
(C) 2000
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) 1992
👉 Fukuyama argued that liberal democracy marks the endpoint of political evolution.

Q10: Muhammad Rashid Rida was born in:
(A) 1789
(B) 1800
(C) 1865
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) 1865
👉 Rida was a key Islamic reformist and thinker influencing modern Islamic thought.

Q11: Capital of Malaysia:
(A) Putrajaya
(B) Miri
(C) Peng Rang
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Putrajaya
👉 Putrajaya serves as the administrative capital of Malaysia.

Q12: Aristotle’s preferred method for reasoning:
(A) Syllogism
(B) Deductive method
(C) Inductive method
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Syllogism
👉 Aristotle developed syllogistic logic as a structured method for reasoning.

Q13: Allama Iqbal did his PhD in 1907 from:
(A) Oxford University
(B) London University
(C) Munich University
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Munich University
👉 Iqbal earned his doctorate with a dissertation on Persian philosophy in 1907.

Q14: Who said “Law is the command of a determinate sovereign”?
(A) John Austin
(B) John Locke
(C) Laski
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) John Austin
👉 Austin developed the theory of legal positivism defining law as commands from a sovereign.

Q15: Nizam-ul-Tusi appointed as a Professor in Al Nizamiyya of Baghdad:
(A) Ibn-e-Rushd
(B) Al Ghazali
(C) Al Mawardi
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Al Ghazali
👉 Al-Ghazali was a leading Islamic scholar and taught at Nizamiyya in Baghdad.

Q16: Who wrote the book The Social Contract, which proposed that governments are based on a social contract between rulers and the ruled?
(A) Thomas Hobbes
(B) John Locke
(C) Jean Jacques Rousseau
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Jean Jacques Rousseau
👉 Rousseau emphasized that political authority must derive from the general will of the people.

Q17: What US incident created judicial review?
(A) Civil War
(B) Madison Case
(C) Slavery
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Madison Case
👉 Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review in the US.

Q18: A political system governed by wealthy people is known as:
(A) Monarchy
(B) Aristocracy
(C) Plutocracy
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Plutocracy
👉 In a plutocracy, political power is concentrated in the hands of the wealthy.

Q19: The ideas of Aristotle are more acceptable to the West due to:
(A) Rule of law
(B) Democracy
(C) Socialism
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Rule of law
👉 Aristotle emphasized law as the highest authority, influencing Western legal systems.

Q20: Hajjat Ul Balagah was written by:
(A) Ibn-e-Rushd
(B) Shah Wali Ullah
(C) Imam Ghazali
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Shah Wali Ullah
👉 A key Islamic political and ethical work advocating reform and revival of Islamic principles.

4. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – CSS Special 2023 Paper MCQs

Q1: __________ regarded the state as a necessary evil.
(A) Marxists
(B) Individualists
(C) Anarchists
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Individualists
👉 Individualists, like Hobbes’ critics, viewed the state as necessary to maintain order but inherently limiting individual freedom.

Q2: One of the oldest theories about rights is theory of:
(A) Legal rights
(B) Idealist theory of rights
(C) Natural rights
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Natural rights
👉 Natural rights, as articulated by Locke, emphasize life, liberty, and property as inherent to humans.

Q3: Which one according to the Socialists is the root cause of all evils?
(A) Property
(B) Equality
(C) Democracy
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Property
👉 Socialists argue that private property creates inequality and social injustice, leading to societal evils.

Q4: In Parliamentary form of government:
(A) The legislature is responsible to Government
(B) The executive is responsible to legislature
(C) The legislature is responsible to judiciary
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) The executive is responsible to legislature
👉 In parliamentary systems, the Prime Minister and Cabinet are accountable to the legislature.

Q5: Tafseer Al Manar was written by:
(A) Rashid Rida
(B) Shah Waliulla
(C) Ibn Taymiyyah
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Rashid Rida
👉 Rashid Rida’s Al Manar promoted Islamic reform and modernist thought.

Q6: Which one of the following countries is associated with the Spoils System?
(A) Britain
(B) France
(C) China
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (D) None of these
👉 The Spoils System is historically linked to the USA, not these options.

Q7: Who said “My programme is action and not talk”?
(A) Mussolini
(B) Stalin
(C) Hitler
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Mussolini
👉 Mussolini emphasized fascist activism over rhetoric, reflecting his authoritarian approach.

Q8: Presidential system is one in which executive can be removed:
(A) By a vote of no confidence in the upper House
(B) By a vote of no confidence in the lower House
(C) By the system of impeachment
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) By the system of impeachment
👉 In presidential systems like the USA, the president can only be removed through impeachment.

Q9: In a federation, federating units derive their power from:
(A) Judiciary
(B) Legislature
(C) Constitution
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Constitution
👉 Federating units receive authority from the constitution rather than the central government.

Q10: Who wrote the book A Theory of Justice in 1971?
(A) John Rawls
(B) Francis Fukuyama
(C) Mishal Hayat
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) John Rawls
👉 Rawls proposed the principles of justice as fairness and the famous “veil of ignorance” concept.

Q11: Who became the first female Supreme Court judge of Pakistan?
(A) Majida Rizvi
(B) Ayesha Malik
(C) Mishal Hayat
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Ayesha Malik
👉 Appointed in 2022, Ayesha Malik became Pakistan’s first female Supreme Court judge.

Q12: International Day to Combat Islamophobia is observed on:
(A) 5 January
(B) 25 February
(C) 15 March
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) 15 March
👉 Recognized by the UN, this day raises awareness about Islamophobia and its impacts globally.

Q13: Which country is not a member of Permanent Five of UN?
(A) USA
(B) Japan
(C) France
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Japan
👉 The UN Permanent Five (P5) are USA, UK, France, Russia, and China.

Q14: Article 140-A in the Constitution of Pakistan deals with:
(A) Vote of Confidence
(B) Loyalty of State
(C) Local Government
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Local Government
👉 Article 140-A ensures the establishment of local government systems in Pakistan.

Q15: Pakistan is not a member of the following organization:
(A) ECO
(B) SAARC
(C) ASEAN
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) ASEAN
👉 Pakistan is not a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Q16: A voluntary union of sovereign and independent states is called:
(A) Confederation
(B) Federation
(C) Unitary state
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Confederation
👉 Confederation allows member states to retain sovereignty while cooperating on common issues.

Q17: Jamaluddin Afghani is one of the founders of:
(A) Pan Islamism
(B) Human rights
(C) Khilafat
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Pan Islamism
👉 Afghani advocated Muslim unity and political reform against colonial domination.

Q18: WARSA Pact was headed by:
(A) USA
(B) EU
(C) China
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (D) None of these
👉 The Warsaw Pact was led by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Q19: How many articles are there in the Charter of United Nations?
(A) 101
(B) 121
(C) 111
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) 111
👉 The UN Charter consists of 111 articles covering objectives, principles, and structures.

Q20: Who said “Man is born free but is everywhere in chains”?
(A) Plato
(B) Aristotle
(C) Machiavelli
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (D) None of these
👉 This famous quote is by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, highlighting the tension between individual freedom and social constraints.

5. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2022 MCQs

1. The word polis means:
(a) Civilized people
(b) Form of government
(c) A city state
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) A city state
👉 In ancient Greece, polis referred to a self-governing city-state, the foundation of Greek politics.

2. Plato is the author of:
(a) Republic
(b) Social Contract
(c) History of Political Thought
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Republic
👉 In The Republic, Plato presented his theory of justice and the idea of philosopher-kings.

3. Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam was written by:
(a) Mawardi
(b) Ibn-Khaldun
(c) Allama Iqbal
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Allama Iqbal
👉 Iqbal’s lectures emphasized reinterpreting Islamic thought in modern philosophical terms.

4. The dissolution of Khilafat and establishment of the Grand National Assembly in Turkey was highly appreciated by:
(a) Allama Iqbal
(b) Maulana Shaukat Ali
(c) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Allama Iqbal
👉 Iqbal praised Atatürk’s reforms as a revival of Islamic political dynamism.

5. The concept of Separation of Powers was given by:
(a) Montesquieu
(b) Machiavelli
(c) Bentham
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Montesquieu
👉 Montesquieu in The Spirit of Laws advocated dividing power among legislature, executive, and judiciary.

6. Fascism as a theory originated in:
(a) Germany
(b) Russia
(c) Italy
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Italy
👉 Mussolini founded fascism in Italy in the early 20th century.

7. “Political Science begins and ends with the state” is said by:
(a) Paul Janet
(b) Stephen Leacock
(c) Professor Garner
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Professor Garner
👉 Garner emphasized the state as the central subject of political science.

8. Wealth of Nations was written by:
(a) John Stuart Mill
(b) Jeremy Bentham
(c) Adam Smith
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Adam Smith
👉 Smith’s 1776 book laid the foundation of modern economics and capitalism.

9. Muqaddimah was the great work of:
(a) Ibn Khaldun
(b) Al-Mawardi
(c) Nizam-ul-Mulk
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Ibn Khaldun
👉 The Muqaddimah (1377) is regarded as a pioneering work in sociology and historiography.

10. A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and The Social Contract were presented by:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) John Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Rousseau
👉 Rousseau examined natural vs. social inequality and later proposed popular sovereignty.

11. Ihya-ul-Ulum is the work of:
(a) Al Farabi
(b) Al Mawardi
(c) Al Ghazali
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Al Ghazali
👉 It means Revival of the Religious Sciences, a masterpiece of Islamic scholarship.

12. Al-Mawardi was a jurist who followed the fiqah of:
(a) Imam Malik
(b) Imam Shafi
(c) Imam Abu Hanifa
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Imam Shafi
👉 Al-Mawardi, author of Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, was a Shafi’i jurist.

13. Founder of utilitarian school of thought was:
(a) Edmund Burke
(b) Hume
(c) J.S. Mill
(d) Jeremy Bentham
✅ Answer: (d) Jeremy Bentham
👉 Bentham formulated utilitarianism: the greatest happiness of the greatest number.

14. “God has made this world a place for work and labour” is the quotation of:
(a) Al-Mawardi
(b) Al-Farabi
(c) Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi
(d) Al Ghazali
✅ Answer: (c) Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi
👉 The Persian scholar emphasized the importance of work and governance.

15. A voluntary union of sovereign and independent states is called:
(a) Federation
(b) Confederation
(c) Unitary State
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Confederation
👉 Confederation is a loose association of independent states with limited central authority.

16. Siyasat Nama was written by:
(a) Nizam-ul-Mulk
(b) Al-Ghazali
(c) Ibn Khaldun
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Nizam-ul-Mulk
👉 His book emphasized principles of statecraft and administration.

17. Machiavelli by birth was:
(a) Italian
(b) French
(c) German
(d) Spanish
✅ Answer: (a) Italian
👉 Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) was a Florentine political thinker, author of The Prince.

18. The concept of Surplus Value is given by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Stalin
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Karl Marx
👉 Marx argued surplus value arises from exploitation of labor under capitalism.

19. The title Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity was given to Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah by:
(a) Sarojini Naidu
(b) Allama Iqbal
(c) Syed Ameer Ali
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Sarojini Naidu
👉 The Indian poetess praised Jinnah’s role in Hindu-Muslim political cooperation (Lucknow Pact 1916).

20. General Will as a concept was introduced by:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Rousseau
👉 Rousseau’s general will represents the collective interest of the people in a society.6

6. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2021 MCQs

Political Science Paper 1 – MCQs (2021 with Answers)

1. The word polis means:
(a) Civilized people
(b) Form of government
(c) A city state
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) A city state
👉 Polis in ancient Greece referred to an independent city-state, the basic political unit of Greek society.

2. Plato is the author of:
(a) Republic
(b) Social Contract
(c) History of Political Thought
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Republic
👉 Plato’s Republic explains justice and the philosopher-king model.

3. Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam was written by:
(a) Mawardi
(b) Ibn Khaldun
(c) Allama Iqbal
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Allama Iqbal
👉 This series of lectures (1928) is considered Iqbal’s philosophical masterpiece.

4. The dissolution of Khilafat and establishment of Grand National Assembly in Turkey was highly appreciated by:
(a) Allama Iqbal
(b) Maulana Shaukat Ali
(c) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Allama Iqbal
👉 Iqbal admired Atatürk’s reformist zeal in reshaping Islamic governance.

5. The concept of Separation of Powers was given by:
(a) Montesquieu
(b) Machiavelli
(c) Bentham
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Montesquieu
👉 His Spirit of Laws (1748) divided power among legislative, executive, and judiciary.

6. Fascism as a theory originated in:
(a) Germany
(b) Russia
(c) Italy
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Italy
👉 Mussolini developed fascism in Italy during the 1920s.

7. “Political Science begins and ends with the state” is said by:
(a) Paul Janet
(b) Stephen Leacock
(c) Professor Garner
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Professor Garner
👉 Garner highlighted that the state is the central object of political science.

8. Wealth of Nations was written by:
(a) John Stuart Mill
(b) Jeremy Bentham
(c) Adam Smith
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Adam Smith
👉 Published in 1776, this work is considered the foundation of economics.

9. Muqaddimah was the great work of:
(a) Ibn Khaldun
(b) Al-Mawardi
(c) Nizam-ul-Mulk
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Ibn Khaldun
👉 The Muqaddimah is often seen as the earliest scientific study of history and society.

11. Ihya-ul-Ulum is the work of:
(a) Al Farabi
(b) Al Mawardi
(c) Al Ghazali
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Al Ghazali
👉 Its meaning is Revival of Religious Sciences, a landmark Islamic text.

12. Al-Mawardi was a jurist who followed the fiqah of:
(a) Imam Malik
(b) Imam Shafi
(c) Imam Abu Hanifa
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Imam Shafi
👉 His Ahkam al-Sultaniyya is a core text on Islamic governance.

13. Founder of utilitarian school of thought was:
(a) Edmund Burke
(b) Hume
(c) J.S. Mill
(d) Jeremy Bentham
✅ Answer: (d) Jeremy Bentham
👉 Bentham is credited with founding utilitarianism, later refined by J.S. Mill.

14. “God has made this world a place for work and labour” is the famous quotation of:
(a) Al-Mawardi
(b) Al-Farabi
(c) Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi
(d) Al Ghazali
✅ Answer: (c) Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi
👉 The Persian statesman emphasized duty and hard work in governance.

15. A voluntary union of sovereign and independent states is called:
(a) Federation
(b) Confederation
(c) Unitary State
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Confederation
👉 Confederation = loose alliance of sovereign states with weak central power.

16. Siyasat Nama was written by:
(a) Nizam-ul-Mulk
(b) Al-Ghazali
(c) Ibn Khaldun
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Nizam-ul-Mulk
👉 Book of Government gives practical advice on kingship and politics.

17. Machiavelli by birth was:
(a) Italian
(b) French
(c) German
(d) Spanish
✅ Answer: (a) Italian
👉 Niccolò Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy.

18. The concept of Surplus Value is given by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Stalin
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Karl Marx
👉 Central to Marxist economics: surplus value = profit extracted from labor.

19. The title Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity was given to Jinnah by:
(a) Sarojini Naidu
(b) Allama Iqbal
(c) Syed Ameer Ali
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Sarojini Naidu
👉 She admired Jinnah’s efforts in Hindu-Muslim unity during the Lucknow Pact.

20. General Will as a concept was introduced by:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Rousseau
👉 The general will represents the collective good, central to Rousseau’s political thought.

7. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2020 MCQs

1. A voluntary union of sovereign and independent states is called:
(a) Federation
(b) Confederation
(c) Unitary State
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Confederation
👉 Confederation = loose union of independent states, unlike a federation where sovereignty is shared.

2. The dissolution of Khilafat and the establishment of Grand National Assembly in Turkey was highly appreciated by:
(a) Allama Iqbal
(b) Maulana Shaukat Ali
(c) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Allama Iqbal
👉 Iqbal praised Atatürk’s reforms and republican model in Turkey.

3. “Law is the command of a determinate sovereign” was said by:
(a) John Austin
(b) Laski
(c) Bentham
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) John Austin
👉 Austin’s command theory of law views law as orders backed by sanctions from a sovereign.

4. Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam is written by:
(a) Syed Amir Ali
(b) Allama Iqbal
(c) Hamid Ahmad
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Allama Iqbal
👉 Iqbal’s famous lectures published in 1930s focus on Islamic philosophy and reform.

5. Only the will of the sovereign can be the source of law, according to:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) John Austin
(c) Grotius
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) John Austin
👉 Austin’s legal positivism holds that laws derive solely from sovereign authority.

6. Those who are active against the very existence of the state are known as:
(a) Fascists
(b) Anarchists
(c) Socialists
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Anarchists
👉 Anarchists reject the idea of the state altogether.

7. In Plato’s Ideal State, one reaches the pinnacle of the State order at the age of:
(a) 35
(b) 40
(c) 50
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) 50
👉 At 50, philosopher-kings were allowed to rule after years of education and training.

8. Wealth of Nations was written by:
(a) John Stuart Mill
(b) Jeremy Bentham
(c) Adam Smith
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Adam Smith
👉 Published in 1776, considered the foundation of modern economics.

9. Plato is the author of:
(a) Republic
(b) Social Contract
(c) History of Political Thought
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Republic
👉 Plato’s Republic outlines justice and the philosopher-king model.

10. He is known as the major theorist of bureaucracy:
(a) Burke
(b) Dahl
(c) Max Weber
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Max Weber
👉 Weber emphasized rational-legal authority and bureaucratic organization.

11. The General Will is the political concept of:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Rousseau
👉 Rousseau’s general will represents the collective good of the people.

12. Siyasat Nama was written by:
(a) Nizam-ul-Mulk
(b) Al-Ghazali
(c) Ibn Khaldun
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Nizam-ul-Mulk
👉 Persian treatise giving practical advice on governance.

13. Abu Nasr Muhammad, known as Al-Farabi, was born in the year:
(a) 780
(b) 850
(c) 870
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) 870
👉 Al-Farabi (870–950 CE), a great Muslim philosopher, often called “Second Teacher” after Aristotle.

14. Karl Marx had everlasting friendship with the son of a textile manufacturer of Barmen, who influenced his life. His name was:
(a) Friedrich Engels
(b) Hegel
(c) Herbert Spencer
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Friedrich Engels
👉 Engels co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Marx and supported him financially.

15. Who is considered the father of International Law?
(a) Jeremy Bentham
(b) Pufendorf
(c) Hugo Grotius
(d) Oppenheim
✅ Answer: (c) Hugo Grotius
👉 Grotius’s De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625) laid foundations of international law.

16. When was the United Nations set up?
(a) 24 April 1945
(b) 24 October 1945
(c) 24 April 1950
(d) 24 October 1950
✅ Answer: (b) 24 October 1945
👉 UN was officially established on this date, now celebrated as UN Day.

17. Who signed the United Nations Declaration?
(a) Roosevelt (USA) & Churchill (UK)
(b) Maxim Litvinov (USSR)
(c) T.V. Soong (China)
(d) All of the above
✅ Answer: (d) All of the above
👉 Leaders of USA, UK, USSR, and China were the main signatories.

18. A History of Political Theory was written by:
(a) S.T. Jones
(b) G.H. Sabine
(c) Gettle
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) G.H. Sabine
👉 Sabine’s book is a standard reference for political theory students.

19. What is the total number of states of USA?
(a) 48
(b) 52
(c) 50
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) 50
👉 USA has 50 states (last two admitted: Alaska & Hawaii in 1959).

20. “Law is the command of a determinate sovereign” — Who said this?
(a) John Austin
(b) Laski
(c) Bentham
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) John Austin
👉 Same as Q3 — shows repetition in 2020 paper.

8. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2019 MCQs

1. J.S. Mill wrote his famous book On Liberty in the year:
(a) 1759
(b) 1859
(c) 1895
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) 1859
👉 On Liberty advocates freedom of speech and individual liberty against tyranny of the majority.

2. The book Government and Politics in Pakistan is written by:
(a) Mushtaq Ahmad
(b) Khalid bin Saeed
(c) Lawrence Ziring
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Khalid bin Saeed
👉 A detailed analysis of Pakistan’s political evolution and constitutional development.

3. Benito Mussolini was the originator of:
(a) National Socialism
(b) Guild Socialism
(c) Fascism
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Fascism
👉 Mussolini established fascism in Italy, emphasizing nationalism, dictatorship, and suppression of opposition.

4. As per Marx, in the stage of communism the governing principle will be:
(a) Everyone is equal, but some are more equal than others
(b) From each according to his ability to each according to his work
(c) From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
👉 Marx’s ultimate vision of a classless society.

5. The main book presenting Montesquieu’s philosophy is:
(a) The Persian Letters
(b) Prince
(c) The Spirit of Laws
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) The Spirit of Laws
👉 Published in 1748, it introduced the principle of separation of powers.

6. Leviathan is a book written by:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Locke
(c) Hobbes
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Hobbes
👉 Published in 1651, Hobbes argued for a strong sovereign to maintain social order.

7. According to which view, law and liberty are opposite to each other?
(a) Liberalism
(b) Communism
(c) Individualism
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Individualism
👉 Individualists often argue that state law restricts personal liberty.

8. The term elite (French word) first began to be used in:
(a) France and Germany
(b) UK and US
(c) US and USSR
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) France and Germany
👉 The concept of elite theory originated in 19th-century Europe.

9. Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam is written by:
(a) Ibn Khaldun
(b) Allama Iqbal
(c) Syed Amir Ali
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Allama Iqbal
👉 A series of lectures delivered between 1928–1930.

10. According to Aristotle, tyranny is the perverted form of:
(a) Democracy
(b) Aristocracy
(c) Monarchy
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Monarchy
👉 Aristotle classified governments into “true” and “perverted” forms; monarchy perverts into tyranny.

11. The lengthiest written constitution in the world is:
(a) British Constitution
(b) Indian Constitution
(c) Chinese Constitution
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Indian Constitution
👉 Adopted in 1950, it has 470+ articles and numerous schedules.

12. The ideological foundation of the Turkish Constitution is based on:
(a) Kemalism
(b) Socialism
(c) Islam
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Kemalism
👉 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s six principles (Republicanism, Secularism, Reformism, etc.).

13. The Iranian Revolution under Ayatollah Khomeini removed the monarchy in:
(a) 1989
(b) 1979
(c) 1997
(d) 1980
✅ Answer: (b) 1979
👉 Overthrew Shah of Iran and established an Islamic Republic.

14. Objectives Resolution was made part of the Preamble of Pakistan Constitution of:
(a) 1956
(b) 1962
(c) 1973
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) 1973
👉 It was originally passed in 1949, but formally included in the 1973 Constitution.

15. Which American state is called the “Mother of Presidents”?
(a) Florida
(b) New York
(c) Texas
(d) Virginia
✅ Answer: (d) Virginia
👉 Eight U.S. presidents, including Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, were born in Virginia.

16. Kangaroo Closure is a procedure followed by the lawmaking body of:
(a) Britain
(b) USSR
(c) America
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Britain
👉 It allows the Speaker of the House to curtail debate on a bill.

17. System of Administrative Law is provided in the constitution of:
(a) UK
(b) USA
(c) France
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) France
👉 Known as Droit Administratif, handled by special administrative courts.

18. Filibustering is a device practiced in:
(a) British Parliament
(b) French Parliament
(c) American Congress
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) American Congress
👉 Senators prolong debate to delay or block legislation.

19. The first Prime Minister of Britain was:
(a) Baldwin
(b) Chamberlain
(c) Robert Walpole
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Robert Walpole
👉 Considered the first de facto Prime Minister (1721–1742).

20. The State of France is:
(a) Unitary
(b) Federation
(c) Confederation
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Unitary
👉 France has a strong centralized government, unlike federations like USA.

9. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2018 MCQs

1. Marx and Engels produced the famous book Communist Manifesto in:
(a) 1848
(b) 1845
(c) 1883
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) 1848
👉 The Communist Manifesto outlined class struggle and the need for proletarian revolution.

2. Montesquieu by birth belonged to:
(a) Germany
(b) England
(c) France
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) France
👉 French philosopher, best known for The Spirit of Laws and separation of powers theory.

3. A bicameral legislature is most suited to:
(a) Unitary states
(b) Federal states
(c) Theocratic states
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Federal states
👉 Federations (e.g., USA, Pakistan, India) require representation of both people and states.

4. Which of the following are elements of Marxism?
(a) Concept of surplus value
(b) Dialectical materialism
(c) Doctrine of class struggle
(d) All of these
✅ Answer: (d) All of these
👉 Core foundations of Marxist philosophy.

5. Aristotle was a famous student of:
(a) Anaxagoras
(b) Hermes
(c) Socrates
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (d) None of these
👉 Aristotle was the student of Plato, not the listed options.

6. Plato wrote the famous book:
(a) Leviathan
(b) The Republic
(c) The Clouds
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) The Republic
👉 A dialogue on justice and the ideal state.

7. When did Machiavelli die?
(a) 1469 AD
(b) 1527 AD
(c) 1523 AD
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) 1527 AD
👉 Author of The Prince, died in Florence, Italy.

8. The concept of justice as “greatest happiness of the greatest number” was postulated by:
(a) Marx
(b) James Mill
(c) Spencer
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (d) None of these
👉 It was proposed by Jeremy Bentham, founder of utilitarianism.

9. Liberal democracy means:
(a) Government by majority
(b) Government by people
(c) Limited majority rule
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Limited majority rule
👉 Liberal democracy safeguards minority rights and imposes constitutional limits on majority.

10. The doctrine of proportionate equality was pronounced by:
(a) Aristotle
(b) Rousseau
(c) Marx
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Aristotle
👉 His concept of justice was “treat equals equally and unequals unequally in proportion.”

11. General Will as a concept was introduced by:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Rousseau
👉 Central idea of The Social Contract.

12. The center of learning to the Greeks was the city-state of:
(a) Sparta
(b) Athens
(c) Carthage
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Athens
👉 Athens was known for philosophy, democracy, and cultural achievements.

13. Two Treatises on Civil Government was written by:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) Montesquieu
(c) John Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) John Locke
👉 Advocated natural rights, limited government, and resistance to tyranny.

14. Allama Iqbal characterized as “the sharp agent of devil” a political philosopher namely:
(a) Chanakya Kautilya
(b) Machiavelli
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Machiavelli
👉 Due to Machiavelli’s advocacy of cunning political tactics.

15. The concept of sovereignty was introduced for the first time into politics by:
(a) Hugo Grotius
(b) Jean Bodin
(c) Thomas Hobbes
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Jean Bodin
👉 Introduced the idea of absolute and indivisible sovereignty in the 16th century.

16. The great but ungrateful pupil of his master, born in 384 BC, was:
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Socrates
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Aristotle
👉 Born in 384 BC, he was Plato’s student but criticized many of his theories.

17. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) is the most important work of:
(a) J.S. Mill
(b) Bentham
(c) Thomas Hobbes
(d) John Locke
✅ Answer: (d) John Locke
👉 Key work in empiricism and modern philosophy.

18. Sovereignty in the Islamic political system belongs to:
(a) Majlis-e-Shura
(b) Caliph
(c) Muslim population
(d) Allah
✅ Answer: (d) Allah
👉 According to Islamic political thought, sovereignty belongs only to Allah.

19. It is normally the technique of pressure groups to impress the legislature:
(a) Canvassing
(b) Lobbying
(c) Propaganda
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Lobbying
👉 Pressure groups influence lawmakers through lobbying.

20. Modern political thought begins with:
(a) Machiavelli
(b) Montesquieu
(c) Mill
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Machiavelli
👉 Considered the father of modern political science due to his realistic approach in The Prince.

10. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2017 MCQs

1. Who gave the theory of separation of powers?
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) Montesquieu
(c) John Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Montesquieu
👉 In The Spirit of Laws (1748), Montesquieu proposed separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers.

2. Who said man is a “political animal”?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Rousseau
(c) Plato
(d) Hobbes
✅ Answer: (a) Aristotle
👉 In Politics, Aristotle stated “man is by nature a political animal.”

3. Who coined the term Political Science?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Plato
(c) Aristotle
(d) Hobbes
✅ Answer: (c) Aristotle
👉 Aristotle is called the “Father of Political Science.”

4. Who wrote Ahkam-e-Sultaniya?
(a) Al-Farabi
(b) Al-Mawardi
(c) Al-Ghazali
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Al-Mawardi
👉 A classical Islamic text on governance and caliphate.

5. Who among the following gave the Social Contract Theory?
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) Montesquieu
(c) John Locke
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Thomas Hobbes
👉 Hobbes (Leviathan) is considered the pioneer, though Locke and Rousseau also developed it.

6. French Civil Law is based on whose teachings?
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) Montesquieu
(c) John Locke
(d) Napoleon
✅ Answer: (d) Napoleon
👉 The Napoleonic Code (1804) formed the basis of French civil law.

7. Number of Articles in the Turkish Constitution?
(a) 177
(b) 173
(c) 174
(d) 172
✅ Answer: (a) 177
👉 The Turkish Constitution of 1982 originally had 177 articles.

8. In Turkish 1961 Constitution, the two legislatures were:
(a) National Assembly and Provincial Assembly
(b) National Assembly and Senate
(c) Provincial Assembly and Senate
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) National Assembly and Senate
👉 Turkey introduced bicameralism in 1961.

9. According to Allama Iqbal, Ijtihad could be done by:
(a) Ulema-e-Akram
(b) Legislative Assembly
(c) Bureaucrats
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Legislative Assembly
👉 Iqbal advocated collective Ijtihad through elected legislative institutions.

10. If people are diverse and autocratic, which form of government should be opted?
(a) Federal and Constitutional
(b) Federal and Presidential
(c) Government and Constitution
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Federal and Constitutional
👉 Federalism accommodates diversity; a constitution restricts autocracy.

11. Their power from? (ambiguous in paper, interpreted as source of federal govt. power)
(a) Federal and Constitution
(b) Federal and Presidential
(c) Government and Constitution
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (c) Government and Constitution
👉 Federal governments derive power from the constitution.

12. Allama Iqbal became member of Punjab Assembly in:
(a) 1922
(b) 1924
(c) 1926
(d) 1927
✅ Answer: (c) 1926
👉 He was elected to Punjab Legislative Council in 1926.

13. Number of citizens of a state according to Plato:
(a) 5000
(b) 4050
(c) 5040
(d) 5620
✅ Answer: (c) 5040
👉 Plato suggested 5040 citizens as the ideal size for a state.

14. American Constitution passed on which date?
(a) Sept 17, 1785
(b) Sept 17, 1786
(c) Sept 17, 1787
(d) Sept 17, 1788
✅ Answer: (c) Sept 17, 1787
👉 The U.S. Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787.

15. In 1701, which English Act ensured independence of judiciary?
(a) Slavery Act
(b) Settlement Act
(c) Albert Act
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Settlement Act
👉 The Act of Settlement 1701 secured judicial independence.

16. World’s oldest written constitution is:
(a) UK
(b) USA
(c) Greece
(d) India
✅ Answer: (b) USA
👉 The U.S. Constitution (1787) is the world’s oldest written constitution still in use.

17. Presidential system employs which doctrine?
(a) Separation of Powers
(b) Doctrine of Power
(c) Doctrine of Judiciary
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Separation of Powers
👉 Presidential systems (e.g., USA) strictly follow separation of executive, legislature, judiciary.

18. Powerful judiciary first appeared in which country?
(a) France
(b) India
(c) USA
(d) UK
✅ Answer: (c) USA
👉 Judicial review was established in Marbury v. Madison (1803) in the U.S.

19. Communist dictatorship idea was given by:
(a) Lenin
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Mao Zedong
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (a) Lenin
👉 Lenin introduced the concept of dictatorship of the proletariat in practice.

20. Mao Zedong’s revolution was known as:
(a) Industrial Revolution
(b) Cultural Revolution
(c) Rose Revolution
(d) None of these
✅ Answer: (b) Cultural Revolution
👉 Mao launched the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) to preserve communism in China.

11. CSS Political Science Paper 1 – 2016 MCQs

Q1: The course of Athenian education was divided into
(A) Three stages
(B) Four stages
(C) Five stages
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Three stages
👉 Athenian education focused on physical, intellectual, and moral development — hence, three stages.

Q2: The founder of communism is:
(A) Plato
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Mao-Tse-Tung
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Karl Marx
👉 Marx, along with Engels, formulated the theory of communism, advocating collective ownership and classless society.

Q3: According to Plato, the population of an ideal state should be
(A) 5040
(B) 50400
(C) 50040
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) 5040
👉 Plato in The Republic suggested 5040 citizens as ideal for governance and societal stability.

Q4: KEEMYA-E-SAADAT was written by
(A) Niazam-ul-Mulk Toosi
(B) Imam Ghazali
(C) Allama Iqbal
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Imam Ghazali
👉 A renowned Islamic philosophical and ethical work focusing on morality and spirituality.

Q5: Dr. Allama Mohammed Iqbal did his MA in Philosophy from Govt. College Lahore in
(A) 1890
(B) 1895
(C) 1899
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) 1895
👉 Iqbal completed his MA in Philosophy in 1895 before studying in Europe.

Q6: A History of Political Theory was written by
(A) ST Jones
(B) GH Sabine
(C) Gettle
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) GH Sabine
👉 Sabine’s work traces the evolution of political thought from ancient to modern thinkers.

Q7: What is the total number of states of USA?
(A) 48
(B) 52
(C) 50
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) 50
👉 The United States consists of 50 states.

Q8: Article 58 2(b) was invoked to dissolve National Assembly of Pakistan
(A) Four times
(B) Three times
(C) Twice
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Three times
👉 Used by the President to dismiss assemblies under the 1973 Constitution before its repeal.

Q9: Despotism means
(A) Rule of individual based on law
(B) Rule of Individual without law
(C) Democracy
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Rule of Individual without law
👉 Despotism refers to absolute, unchecked power in the hands of a ruler.

Q10: The regimes, like Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Soviet Union under Stalin are examples of
(A) Authoritarian rule
(B) Totalitarian rule
(C) Liberal democracy
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Totalitarian rule
👉 Totalitarianism involves centralized control over all aspects of life with no political freedom.

Q11: Alexander of Macedonia was student of
(A) Socrates
(B) Plato
(C) Aristotle
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Aristotle
👉 Aristotle tutored Alexander, shaping his understanding of philosophy, science, and governance.

Q12: “Tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely” is the famous quotation by
(A) Lord Curzon
(B) Winston Churchill
(C) Lord Acton
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Lord Acton
👉 Lord Acton emphasized that unchecked power leads to corruption.

Q13: Perestroika means
(A) To speak openly and honestly
(B) Restructuring or Reforming
(C) Workers
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Restructuring or Reforming
👉 Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev, it referred to economic and political reforms in the USSR.

Q14: Materialistic interpretation of history was propounded by
(A) Stalin
(B) Lenin
(C) Karl Marx
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Karl Marx
👉 Marx’s historical materialism explained social change through economic and class relations.

Q15: Plato was a
(A) Realist
(B) Idealist
(C) Rationalist
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Idealist
👉 Plato emphasized the world of ideas and forms as the basis of reality.

Q16: The concept of Separation of powers in US constitution was taken from
(A) J.S. Mill
(B) Montesquieu
(C) Burke
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (B) Montesquieu
👉 Montesquieu advocated dividing government into executive, legislature, and judiciary to prevent tyranny.

Q17: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah died at
(A) Quetta
(B) Rawalpindi
(C) Hyderabad
(D) Karachi
✅ Answer: (D) Karachi
👉 Jinnah passed away in Karachi on 11 September 1948.

Q18: How many are the members of the Security Council
(A) 19
(B) 09
(C) 27
(D) 15
✅ Answer: (D) 15
👉 The UN Security Council has 15 members: 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent.

Q19: Who is called the Intellectual Father of the French Revolution
(A) Rousseau
(B) Montesquieu
(C) Napoleon
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (A) Rousseau
👉 Rousseau’s ideas on social contract and popular sovereignty inspired revolutionary France.

Q20: Principle of Utility as a formula was the idea of
(A) James Mill
(B) Herbert Spencer
(C) Jeremy Bentham
(D) None of these
✅ Answer: (C) Jeremy Bentham
👉 Bentham proposed “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” as the basis of utilitarian ethics.

Pakistan Affairs CSS All Past Paper MCQs

Criminology CSS All Past Paper MCQs

Tips to Ace CSS Political Science Paper 1

Focus on key political thinkers and their concepts.
Make short notes for last-minute revision.
Practice past paper MCQs year-wise to spot trends.
Revise international organizations, UN system, and important constitutional articles regularly.

Conclusion

This hub of CSS Political Science Paper 1 MCQs is designed to provide aspirants with complete and reliable preparation material. By practicing these MCQs year-wise, students can strengthen their knowledge, improve exam confidence, and increase their chances of scoring high marks in the CSS examination.