1. What event marked the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789?
(A) The Storming of the Bastille
(B) The Battle of Waterloo
(C) The Reign of Terror
(D) None of these
2. The Napoleonic Code, a comprehensive legal system, was introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte in:
(A) 1789
(B) 1799
(C) 1804
(D) None of these
3. Which battle marked Napoleon’s final defeat, leading to his exile to the island of Elba in 1814?
(A) Battle of Austerlitz
(B) Battle of Leipzig *
(C) Battle of Waterloo
(D) None of these
4. Which major European powers were the key participants in the Concert of Europe?
(A) France, Russia, and Spain
(B) Britain, Austria, and Prussia
(C) Italy, Sweden, and Ottoman Empire
(D) None of these
5. Which political ideology was endorsed by the Concert of Europe as a means of preserving the existing order in Europe?
(A) Liberalism
(B) Conservatism
(C) Socialism
(D) None of these
6. The Industrial Revolution, characterized by technological advancements and the shift to mechanized production, primarily began in which country during the early 19th century?
(A) France
(B) Germany
(C) United Kingdom
(D) None of these
7. What political ideology, emphasizing individual rights, representative government, and rule of law, gained prominence in the wake of the Napoleonic era?
(A) Conservatism
(B) Liberalism
(C) Nationalism
(D) None of these
8. What was the “Eastern Question” in 19th-century European politics?
(A) The status of the Ottoman Empire and its territorial integrity
(B) The balance of power in Central Europe
(C) The influence of Austria in the Balkans
(D) None of these
9. The Treaty of Paris (1856), which ended the Crimean War (1853–1856), aimed to:
(A) Strengthen the Ottoman Empire
(B) Weaken Russia’s influence in the Black Sea
(C) Establish a balance of power in the Balkans
(D) None of these
10. The Expedition of the Thousand, a crucial event in Italian unification, was led by:
(A) Giuseppe Mazzini
(B) Camillo Cavour
(C) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(D) None of these
11. The North German Confederation, a precursor to the German Empire, was led by the dominance of which German state?
(A) Bavaria
(B) Prussia
(C) Saxony
(D) None of these
12. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 played a crucial role in the final stages of German unification. What significant event occurred during this war?
(A) The Siege of Paris
(B) The Battle of Leipzig
(C) The Treaty of Tilsit
(D) None of these
13. The alliance system that contributed to the escalation of the First World War included which major alliances?
(A) Triple Entente (Allies) and Central Powers
(B) Triple Alliance and Entente Cordiale
(C) Axis Powers and Allies
(D) None of these
14. The ultimatum delivered by Austria-Hungary to Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 contained what controversial demand?
(A) Serbia to end its alliance with Germany
(B) Serbian military occupation of Bosnia
(C) Serbian involvement in the assassination plot
(D) None of these
15. What treaty led to Russia’s withdrawal from the First World War?
(A) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
(B) Treaty of Versailles
(C) Treaty of Trianon
(D) None of these
16. Which Eastern European country was led by Marshal Józef Piłsudski, who established an authoritarian regime in the interwar period characterized by his “Sanation” policies?
(A) Hungary
(B) Poland
(C) Romania
(D) None of these
17. Operation Barbarossa, launched by Nazi Germany in 1941, was a military campaign directed against which country?
(A) France
(B) Soviet Union
(C) United Kingdom
(D) None of these
18. Who was known as the “Desert Fox” during World War II?
(A) Erwin Rommel
(B) Paul von Hindenburg
(C) Manfred von Richthofen
(D) None of these
19. The Marshall Plan, initiated in 1948, aimed to provide economic assistance to war-torn European countries. Which country proposed this plan?
(A) United States
(B) United Kingdom
(C) Soviet Union
(D) None of these
20. The division of Germany into East and West, symbolized by the Berlin Wall, was a direct consequence of which conference held after World War II?
(A) The Yalta Conference
(B) The Potsdam Conference
(C) The Teheran Conference
(D) None of these