Criminology is one of the most important optional subjects in competitive exams like CSS, PMS, FPSC, UPSC, UGC, and NET. Students preparing for law enforcement, judiciary, or criminology-related exams often face difficulty in finding reliable MCQs with authentic answers and explanations.
To help aspirants, we have compiled 250+ Criminology MCQs, arranged in batches for better preparation. These cover theory concepts, definitions, schools of thought, criminal law basics, criminological theories, and past paper questions.
👉 Whether you are a student in Pakistan, India, or anywhere worldwide, these MCQs will help you prepare for exams and strengthen your understanding of criminology
🔹 Section 1: Basics of Criminology
Q1. Who is known as the father of modern criminology?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Jeremy Bentham
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Cesare Lombroso
📘 Explanation: Lombroso introduced the biological theory of criminology, suggesting that some individuals are “born criminals” with distinct physical traits.
Q2. The term “Criminology” was first used by?
(A) Raffaele Garofalo
(B) Cesare Beccaria
(C) Cesare Lombroso
(D) Auguste Comte
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Raffaele Garofalo
📘 Explanation: Garofalo, an Italian jurist, coined the term criminology in 1885.
Q3. Criminology is best defined as:
(A) Study of law enforcement only
(B) Study of criminal behavior and crime prevention
(C) Study of prisons
(D) Study of punishment only
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Study of criminal behavior and crime prevention
📘 Explanation: Criminology focuses on understanding the causes of crime and finding ways to prevent it.
Q4. “On Crimes and Punishments” is a famous book written by?
(A) Cesare Lombroso
(B) Jeremy Bentham
(C) Cesare Beccaria
(D) Karl Marx
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Cesare Beccaria
📘 Explanation: Published in 1764, Beccaria’s book is considered the foundation of the classical school of criminology.
Q5. Which of the following is NOT a branch of criminology?
(A) Criminal anthropology
(B) Criminal sociology
(C) Criminal psychology
(D) Criminal engineering
✅ Correct Answer: (D) Criminal engineering
📘 Explanation: Criminology deals with sociology, anthropology, and psychology but not engineering.
Q6. Who emphasized that punishment should be proportionate to the crime?
(A) Cesare Beccaria
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Robert Merton
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Cesare Beccaria
📘 Explanation: Beccaria’s classical school stressed fairness and proportion in punishments.
Q7. “Anomie Theory” was proposed by?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Emile Durkheim
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Max Weber
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Emile Durkheim
📘 Explanation: Durkheim introduced the concept of anomie to explain normlessness in society that leads to crime.
Q8. Criminology as an academic discipline belongs to which field?
(A) Political Science
(B) Sociology
(C) Psychology
(D) Anthropology
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Sociology
📘 Explanation: Criminology is generally considered a subfield of sociology.
Q9. Who developed the “Strain Theory” in criminology?
(A) Robert Merton
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Howard Becker
(D) Edwin Sutherland
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Robert Merton
📘 Explanation: Merton’s Strain Theory explained how societal pressures push individuals towards crime.
Q10. Which criminological theory explains crime as learned behavior through interaction with others?
(A) Labeling Theory
(B) Social Disorganization Theory
(C) Differential Association Theory
(D) Strain Theory
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Differential Association Theory
📘 Explanation: Proposed by Edwin Sutherland, this theory argues that criminal behavior is learned through interaction.
🔹 Section 2: Criminological Theories
Q11. Who is regarded as the founder of the Differential Association Theory?
(A) Edwin Sutherland
(B) Howard Becker
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Karl Marx
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Edwin Sutherland
📘 Explanation: Sutherland explained that criminal behavior is learned from close associations and peer groups.
Q12. “White-Collar Crime” is a term introduced by?
(A) Cesare Beccaria
(B) Edwin Sutherland
(C) Howard Becker
(D) Jeremy Bentham
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Edwin Sutherland
📘 Explanation: In 1939, Sutherland defined white-collar crime as financially motivated, non-violent crime by professionals.
Q13. Which theory suggests that individuals become criminals when labeled as such by society?
(A) Social Disorganization Theory
(B) Labeling Theory
(C) Strain Theory
(D) Rational Choice Theory
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Labeling Theory
📘 Explanation: Labeling theory argues that deviance results from society’s labels, leading individuals to internalize the criminal identity.
Q14. The Classical School of Criminology is based on the ideas of?
(A) Karl Marx & Engels
(B) Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham
(C) Edwin Sutherland & Robert Merton
(D) Howard Becker & Foucault
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham
📘 Explanation: They believed in free will, rational choice, and proportionate punishments.
Q15. Which theory explains that crime occurs when social bonds are weak?
(A) Control Theory
(B) Strain Theory
(C) Labeling Theory
(D) Anomie Theory
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Control Theory
📘 Explanation: Travis Hirschi’s Social Control Theory states that strong bonds with family, school, and society prevent crime.
Q16. Conflict Theory of crime is associated with?
(A) Emile Durkheim
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Edwin Sutherland
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Karl Marx
📘 Explanation: Marxist criminology argues that laws serve the interests of the ruling class and exploit the poor.
Q17. Who proposed the “Rational Choice Theory”?
(A) Cesare Beccaria
(B) Ronald Clarke & Derek Cornish
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Max Weber
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Ronald Clarke & Derek Cornish
📘 Explanation: They argued criminals make rational decisions by weighing risks and rewards.
Q18. Strain Theory suggests crime occurs due to?
(A) Lack of moral values
(B) Weak institutions
(C) Gap between goals and means
(D) Biological factors
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Gap between goals and means
📘 Explanation: Merton stated that when people cannot achieve socially accepted goals through legal means, they turn to crime.
Q19. Who introduced the concept of “Techniques of Neutralization”?
(A) Sykes & Matza
(B) Robert Merton
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Howard Becker
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Sykes & Matza
📘 Explanation: They explained how criminals justify their actions to neutralize guilt.
Q20. The “Broken Windows Theory” emphasizes:
(A) Strong policing of petty crimes
(B) Education reforms
(C) Biological study of criminals
(D) Eliminating poverty
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Strong policing of petty crimes
📘 Explanation: Wilson & Kelling’s theory suggests that ignoring small crimes leads to bigger crimes.
Q21. Who is known for the General Theory of Crime?
(A) Gottfredson & Hirschi
(B) Sutherland
(C) Beccaria
(D) Durkheim
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Gottfredson & Hirschi
📘 Explanation: They argued low self-control is the main cause of criminal behavior.
Q22. Positivist School of Criminology focuses on?
(A) Free will
(B) Biological & social factors
(C) Punishment only
(D) Deterrence
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Biological & social factors
📘 Explanation: It studies causes of crime beyond free will, including genetics and environment.
Q23. Jeremy Bentham is associated with the principle of?
(A) Utilitarianism
(B) Marxism
(C) Functionalism
(D) Rationalism
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Utilitarianism
📘 Explanation: Bentham believed punishment should maximize happiness and minimize pain.
Q24. “Social Disorganization Theory” is linked to which city’s studies?
(A) Chicago
(B) Paris
(C) London
(D) Rome
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Chicago
📘 Explanation: The Chicago School explained crime as a result of weak community structures in urban areas.
Q25. The idea that “crime is a normal part of society” was given by?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Robert Merton
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Jeremy Bentham
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Emile Durkheim
📘 Explanation: Durkheim argued that crime exists in all societies and plays a functional role.
Q26. Routine Activity Theory suggests crime happens when:
(A) Motivation, opportunity, and weak guardianship coincide
(B) People are unemployed
(C) Inequality rises
(D) Police are absent
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Motivation, opportunity, and weak guardianship coincide
📘 Explanation: Cohen & Felson explained crime requires a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of guardianship.
Q27. “Focal Concerns Theory” was developed by?
(A) Walter Miller
(B) Edwin Sutherland
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Karl Marx
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Walter Miller
📘 Explanation: He studied lower-class culture and its role in youth delinquency.
Q28. Who introduced the concept of “Subcultural Theory of Crime”?
(A) Albert Cohen
(B) Max Weber
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Edwin Sutherland
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Albert Cohen
📘 Explanation: Cohen argued that working-class youths form subcultures that reject middle-class values.
Q29. The “Panopticon Prison” model was proposed by?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Jeremy Bentham
(D) Emile Durkheim
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Jeremy Bentham
📘 Explanation: Bentham’s prison design allowed total surveillance of inmates.
Q30. The feminist perspective in criminology mainly focuses on:
(A) Gender inequality in crime and law
(B) Biological causes of crime
(C) Police reforms
(D) International law
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Gender inequality in crime and law
📘 Explanation: Feminist criminology examines how women are affected by crime and justice systems.
🔹 Section 3: Schools of Criminology & Modern Approaches
Q31. Who is considered the father of modern criminology?
(A) Edwin Sutherland
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Emile Durkheim
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Cesare Lombroso
📘 Explanation: Lombroso, an Italian physician, linked criminality to biological traits and is often called the father of modern criminology.
Q32. Lombroso’s theory is also called?
(A) Biological Positivism
(B) Classical School
(C) Sociological Criminology
(D) Rational Choice
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Biological Positivism
📘 Explanation: He argued criminals are “born criminals” with inherited traits.
Q33. Which criminologist emphasized that crime is a result of “anomie” or normlessness?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Emile Durkheim
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Jeremy Bentham
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Emile Durkheim
📘 Explanation: Durkheim explained that in times of rapid social change, norms break down, leading to crime.
Q34. “An eye for an eye” philosophy is linked to which type of justice?
(A) Restorative Justice
(B) Retributive Justice
(C) Preventive Justice
(D) Social Justice
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Retributive Justice
📘 Explanation: Retributive justice focuses on punishment as a response to wrongdoing.
Q35. Restorative justice mainly aims at?
(A) Punishing the offender
(B) Rehabilitating the offender
(C) Reconciling offender and victim
(D) Isolating the offender
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Reconciling offender and victim
📘 Explanation: Restorative justice emphasizes repairing harm through dialogue between victim, offender, and community.
Q36. “Criminal Man” is a concept given by?
(A) Beccaria
(B) Lombroso
(C) Sutherland
(D) Merton
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Lombroso
📘 Explanation: He described criminals as biologically different from non-criminals.
Q37. Which school of criminology focuses on free will and rational decision-making?
(A) Classical School
(B) Positivist School
(C) Chicago School
(D) Critical School
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Classical School
📘 Explanation: Classical school (Beccaria & Bentham) argued people commit crimes by choice and punishments should deter them.
Q38. Which school of criminology gave importance to scientific study of criminals?
(A) Classical School
(B) Positivist School
(C) Critical Criminology
(D) Rational Choice School
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Positivist School
📘 Explanation: Positivist school studied crime through biology, psychology, and sociology.
Q39. Critical criminology argues that crime results from?
(A) Biological weaknesses
(B) Rational free will
(C) Inequality and power struggles
(D) Lack of policing
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Inequality and power struggles
📘 Explanation: Critical criminology, influenced by Marx, highlights crime as a product of social injustice.
Q40. Who is associated with the concept of “Moral Panic”?
(A) Stanley Cohen
(B) Edwin Sutherland
(C) Travis Hirschi
(D) Ronald Clarke
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Stanley Cohen
📘 Explanation: He described how media exaggerates issues, creating public fear that shapes policies.
Q41. “Defensible Space Theory” was developed by?
(A) Oscar Newman
(B) Ronald Clarke
(C) Robert Park
(D) Emile Durkheim
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Oscar Newman
📘 Explanation: The theory explains how architectural design can reduce crime.
Q42. Environmental Criminology focuses on?
(A) Biology of offenders
(B) Influence of physical surroundings
(C) Rehabilitation programs
(D) Social inequalities
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Influence of physical surroundings
📘 Explanation: It studies how crime is affected by location, design, and environment.
Q43. “Hot Spot Policing” is based on which idea?
(A) Crime is random
(B) Crime concentrates in specific locations
(C) All areas have equal crime
(D) Criminals move constantly
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Crime concentrates in specific locations
📘 Explanation: Research shows that focusing policing in high-crime areas reduces overall crime.
Q44. The “Ecological School” of criminology is related to?
(A) Marxism
(B) Chicago School
(C) Positivism
(D) Rational Choice
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Chicago School
📘 Explanation: Chicago School studied urban neighborhoods and social disorganization.
Q45. “Collective Efficacy” is a concept introduced by?
(A) Robert Sampson
(B) Edwin Sutherland
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Jeremy Bentham
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Robert Sampson
📘 Explanation: It refers to community’s ability to regulate behavior and prevent crime through trust and cooperation.
Q46. Broken windows theory was first tested in which city?
(A) Chicago
(B) New York
(C) London
(D) Los Angeles
✅ Correct Answer: (B) New York
📘 Explanation: The theory was applied during New York policing strategies in the 1990s.
Q47. Which criminological theory argues “humans are pleasure seekers, crime occurs when pleasure outweighs pain”?
(A) Rational Choice Theory
(B) Classical School
(C) Routine Activity Theory
(D) Social Learning Theory
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Classical School
📘 Explanation: Beccaria’s classical theory emphasized deterrence through proportionate punishments.
Q48. The concept of “Atavism” in criminology refers to?
(A) Crime as a learned behavior
(B) Criminals as evolutionary throwbacks
(C) Weak social institutions
(D) Social labeling
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Criminals as evolutionary throwbacks
📘 Explanation: Lombroso believed criminals were primitive beings resembling earlier stages of evolution.
Q49. Who criticized Lombroso’s theory as unscientific?
(A) Charles Goring
(B) Jeremy Bentham
(C) Durkheim
(D) Becker
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Charles Goring
📘 Explanation: Goring’s research found no biological differences between criminals and non-criminals.
Q50. Which theory is considered a bridge between sociology and psychology in criminology?
(A) Social Learning Theory
(B) Biological Positivism
(C) Rational Choice Theory
(D) Classical School
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Social Learning Theory
📘 Explanation: Albert Bandura’s social learning explains crime as learned through observation, reinforcement, and imitation.
🔹 Section 4: Criminal Justice System & Institutions
Q51. The main components of the criminal justice system include?
(A) Police, Courts, and Prisons
(B) Police, Media, and NGOs
(C) Army, Courts, and Police
(D) None of these
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Police, Courts, and Prisons
📘 Explanation: Globally, the criminal justice system rests on three pillars—law enforcement, judiciary, and correctional institutions.
Q52. Which is the first step in the criminal justice process?
(A) Trial
(B) Arrest by police
(C) Appeal
(D) Sentencing
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Arrest by police
📘 Explanation: The criminal process usually starts with investigation and arrest by law enforcement agencies.
Q53. The primary function of police in the criminal justice system is?
(A) To legislate laws
(B) To enforce law and maintain order
(C) To deliver judgments
(D) To make policies
✅ Correct Answer: (B) To enforce law and maintain order
📘 Explanation: Police ensure prevention of crime, arrest offenders, and provide evidence to courts.
Q54. Which institution interprets and applies criminal laws?
(A) Police
(B) Judiciary
(C) Prisons
(D) Parliament
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Judiciary
📘 Explanation: Courts decide guilt, determine punishment, and ensure due process is followed.
Q55. The philosophy of punishment which focuses on reformation of offenders is called?
(A) Retribution
(B) Deterrence
(C) Rehabilitation
(D) Incapacitation
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Rehabilitation
📘 Explanation: Rehabilitation emphasizes correction and reintegration of offenders into society.
Q56. Which type of punishment prevents the offender from committing crime by isolating them from society?
(A) Incapacitation
(B) Restorative Justice
(C) Retribution
(D) Deterrence
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Incapacitation
📘 Explanation: Imprisonment and death penalty are examples where the offender is physically prevented from re-offending.
Q57. Which prison model emphasizes silence, strict discipline, and solitary confinement?
(A) Pennsylvania System
(B) Auburn System
(C) Reformatory System
(D) Modern Prison System
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Pennsylvania System
📘 Explanation: In the Pennsylvania system, prisoners were kept isolated to encourage repentance.
Q58. Probation is an alternative to?
(A) Police investigation
(B) Trial
(C) Imprisonment
(D) Arrest
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Imprisonment
📘 Explanation: Probation allows offenders to live in the community under supervision instead of serving jail time.
Q59. The concept of “community policing” focuses on?
(A) Isolating police from society
(B) Cooperation between police and community
(C) Military involvement in policing
(D) Policing through private companies
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Cooperation between police and community
📘 Explanation: Community policing enhances trust, local problem-solving, and crime prevention.
Q60. Which criminological thinker argued for “certainty of punishment” rather than severity?
(A) Lombroso
(B) Beccaria
(C) Durkheim
(D) Merton
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Beccaria
📘 Explanation: Cesare Beccaria believed that certainty and swiftness of punishment deter crime more effectively.
Q61. The term “due process” means?
(A) Quick punishment of offenders
(B) Fair treatment through legal system
(C) Special rights for criminals
(D) None of these
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Fair treatment through legal system
📘 Explanation: Due process ensures protection of individual rights during criminal procedures.
Q62. Which institution supervises prisoners after release?
(A) Police Department
(B) Probation and Parole Department
(C) Judiciary
(D) Army
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Probation and Parole Department
📘 Explanation: Parole officers monitor released prisoners to reduce recidivism.
Q63. Recidivism means?
(A) First-time crime
(B) Repeat offending
(C) Violent crime only
(D) Cybercrime
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Repeat offending
📘 Explanation: Recidivism refers to the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.
Q64. Which type of justice focuses on repairing harm caused by crime?
(A) Retributive Justice
(B) Preventive Justice
(C) Restorative Justice
(D) Military Justice
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Restorative Justice
📘 Explanation: It emphasizes healing victims, offender accountability, and reconciliation.
Q65. Which international body develops standards for prisons worldwide?
(A) UN Human Rights Council
(B) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
(C) Amnesty International
(D) Interpol
✅ Correct Answer: (B) UNODC
📘 Explanation: UNODC sets guidelines like the Nelson Mandela Rules for prison standards.
Q66. The “Nelson Mandela Rules” are associated with?
(A) Juvenile Justice
(B) Treatment of Prisoners
(C) Policing Standards
(D) Human Trafficking
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Treatment of Prisoners
📘 Explanation: UN adopted these rules in honor of Nelson Mandela to improve prison conditions.
Q67. Juvenile Justice focuses on?
(A) Adult criminals
(B) Children in conflict with law
(C) Civil disputes
(D) Terrorism
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Children in conflict with law
📘 Explanation: Juvenile justice protects rights of underage offenders and emphasizes rehabilitation.
Q68. Which punishment philosophy is linked to “making an example” of the offender?
(A) Deterrence
(B) Rehabilitation
(C) Restorative
(D) Retribution
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Deterrence
📘 Explanation: Deterrence works by discouraging crime through fear of punishment.
Q69. Which country is known for introducing the concept of parole?
(A) USA
(B) France
(C) Ireland
(D) England
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Ireland
📘 Explanation: Parole was first developed in Ireland in the mid-19th century.
Q70. Which institution ensures that laws made by legislature are constitutional?
(A) Police
(B) Judiciary
(C) Prison Authorities
(D) Law Enforcement Agencies
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Judiciary
📘 Explanation: Judiciary acts as a guardian of the constitution and ensures laws comply with fundamental rights.
🔹 Section 5: Types of Crimes (Violent, White-Collar, Cyber, Terrorism)
Q71. Murder, robbery, and assault are examples of?
(A) White-Collar Crimes
(B) Violent Crimes
(C) Cyber Crimes
(D) Political Crimes
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Violent Crimes
📘 Explanation: Violent crimes involve physical harm or threat of harm to individuals.
Q72. Who coined the term “White-Collar Crime”?
(A) Edwin Sutherland
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Karl Marx
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Edwin Sutherland
📘 Explanation: Sutherland introduced this term in 1939 to describe crimes committed by people of high social status during their occupation.
Q73. Fraud, embezzlement, and insider trading are examples of?
(A) Violent Crimes
(B) Cyber Crimes
(C) White-Collar Crimes
(D) Political Crimes
✅ Correct Answer: (C) White-Collar Crimes
📘 Explanation: These crimes involve financial deceit committed by professionals for economic gain.
Q74. Money laundering is best classified as?
(A) Property Crime
(B) White-Collar Crime
(C) Organized Crime
(D) All of the above
✅ Correct Answer: (D) All of the above
📘 Explanation: Money laundering can overlap categories—it is financial in nature, linked to organized crime, and involves concealing illegal wealth.
Q75. Which crime is often associated with mafia groups?
(A) Street Crime
(B) Organized Crime
(C) Political Crime
(D) Juvenile Crime
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Organized Crime
📘 Explanation: Mafia and cartels engage in organized crime such as drug trafficking, extortion, and human smuggling.
Q76. Cybercrime includes?
(A) Hacking
(B) Phishing
(C) Identity Theft
(D) All of these
✅ Correct Answer: (D) All of these
📘 Explanation: Cybercrime is committed using computers and digital networks, targeting data and individuals.
Q77. The “WannaCry Attack” of 2017 is an example of?
(A) Cyber Terrorism
(B) Cyber Fraud
(C) Online Piracy
(D) Cyber Espionage
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Cyber Terrorism
📘 Explanation: The ransomware attack spread globally, crippling hospitals, banks, and transport networks.
Q78. Terrorism is defined as?
(A) Armed robbery
(B) Use of violence to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals
(C) Cyber hacking
(D) Street fighting
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Use of violence to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals
📘 Explanation: Terrorism uses fear and violence as tools to influence governments and societies.
Q79. Suicide bombings are most closely linked with?
(A) Street Crimes
(B) Terrorism
(C) White-Collar Crimes
(D) Juvenile Crimes
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Terrorism
📘 Explanation: Suicide attacks are a strategy used by terrorist groups to maximize impact.
Q80. Which crime is considered a transnational crime?
(A) Kidnapping
(B) Drug Trafficking
(C) Car Theft
(D) Local Burglary
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Drug Trafficking
📘 Explanation: Transnational crimes cross borders and require international cooperation to combat.
Q81. Which UN body works specifically against transnational organized crime?
(A) UNDP
(B) UNODC
(C) UNICEF
(D) UNHCR
✅ Correct Answer: (B) UNODC
📘 Explanation: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime tackles drug trafficking, corruption, and organized crime.
Q82. Identity theft is most often associated with?
(A) Street Crimes
(B) Cyber Crimes
(C) White-Collar Crimes
(D) Terrorism
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Cyber Crimes
📘 Explanation: Cybercriminals steal personal data to commit fraud or impersonation.
Q83. Which type of crime involves illegal poaching and logging?
(A) Environmental Crime
(B) Street Crime
(C) Political Crime
(D) Organized Crime
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Environmental Crime
📘 Explanation: Environmental crimes harm ecosystems and biodiversity.
Q84. Tax evasion is an example of?
(A) White-Collar Crime
(B) Violent Crime
(C) Cyber Crime
(D) None of these
✅ Correct Answer: (A) White-Collar Crime
📘 Explanation: It involves deliberate avoidance of paying government taxes.
Q85. Human trafficking is categorized as?
(A) Organized Crime
(B) Cyber Crime
(C) Street Crime
(D) Political Crime
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Organized Crime
📘 Explanation: Trafficking of persons for labor or sexual exploitation is a major form of organized crime.
Q86. The hijacking of planes (skyjacking) is considered?
(A) Street Crime
(B) Terrorism
(C) Political Crime
(D) Organized Crime
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Terrorism
📘 Explanation: Air hijackings are usually politically motivated and create fear on an international scale.
Q87. Which type of crime is most likely to use ransomware?
(A) Cyber Crime
(B) Violent Crime
(C) Street Crime
(D) Juvenile Crime
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Cyber Crime
📘 Explanation: Ransomware locks data and demands payment for release.
Q88. Corporate fraud falls under which category?
(A) Political Crime
(B) White-Collar Crime
(C) Organized Crime
(D) Violent Crime
✅ Correct Answer: (B) White-Collar Crime
📘 Explanation: Corporate fraud involves deception by companies for financial gain.
Q89. Which is an example of a political crime?
(A) Treason
(B) Electoral fraud
(C) Sedition
(D) All of these
✅ Correct Answer: (D) All of these
📘 Explanation: Political crimes target the state and its legitimacy.
Q90. The spread of misinformation online to influence elections is an example of?
(A) Cyber Crime
(B) Organized Crime
(C) Political Crime
(D) All of these
✅ Correct Answer: (D) All of these
📘 Explanation: It is cyber-based, politically motivated, and often organized in nature.
🔹 Section 6: Theories of Punishment & Criminology Schools
Q91. Which is NOT a theory of punishment?
(A) Retributive Theory
(B) Deterrent Theory
(C) Reformative Theory
(D) Evolutionary Theory
✅ Correct Answer: (D) Evolutionary Theory
📘 Explanation: Punishment theories include retributive (revenge), deterrent (prevention), reformative (rehabilitation), and preventive. Evolutionary theory relates to biology, not criminology.
Q92. “An eye for an eye” represents which theory of punishment?
(A) Reformative
(B) Retributive
(C) Deterrent
(D) Preventive
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Retributive
📘 Explanation: Retribution is based on revenge and moral balance.
Q93. Which theory of punishment focuses on discouraging future crimes by fear?
(A) Reformative
(B) Deterrent
(C) Preventive
(D) Retributive
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Deterrent
📘 Explanation: Deterrent punishment creates fear among offenders and society.
Q94. The reformative theory of punishment focuses on?
(A) Punishing the criminal harshly
(B) Changing the behavior of the offender
(C) Eliminating crime by executions
(D) None of these
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Changing the behavior of the offender
📘 Explanation: Reformative approach emphasizes rehabilitation and reintegration of criminals.
Q95. Preventive theory of punishment is also called?
(A) Disabling theory
(B) Positive theory
(C) Negative theory
(D) None of these
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Disabling theory
📘 Explanation: Preventive theory removes criminals from society through imprisonment or death penalty to prevent further crimes.
Q96. The Classical School of Criminology is associated with?
(A) Cesare Lombroso
(B) Jeremy Bentham & Cesare Beccaria
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Karl Marx
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Jeremy Bentham & Cesare Beccaria
📘 Explanation: The classical school emphasized free will, rational choice, and deterrence through proportionate punishment.
Q97. The Positivist School of Criminology was founded by?
(A) Auguste Comte
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Beccaria
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Cesare Lombroso
📘 Explanation: Lombroso argued criminals are “born criminals” with biological traits.
Q98. Which school emphasizes social, economic, and environmental factors in crime?
(A) Classical School
(B) Positivist School
(C) Sociological School
(D) Chicago School
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Sociological School
📘 Explanation: The sociological approach studies society’s influence on criminal behavior.
Q99. The Chicago School of Criminology is best known for?
(A) Biological theories of crime
(B) Social disorganization theory
(C) Deterrent punishment
(D) Retributive justice
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Social disorganization theory
📘 Explanation: Chicago School highlighted how poor, disorganized neighborhoods foster crime.
Q100. Neo-Classical School of Criminology modified the classical school by?
(A) Emphasizing free will only
(B) Considering age and mental condition of offenders
(C) Rejecting punishment completely
(D) Focusing on economic crimes only
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Considering age and mental condition of offenders
📘 Explanation: Neo-classical thinkers recognized that minors and mentally ill offenders should be treated differently.
Q101. Who is known as the “Father of Criminology”?
(A) Cesare Lombroso
(B) Jeremy Bentham
(C) Cesare Beccaria
(D) John Locke
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Cesare Lombroso
📘 Explanation: Lombroso is regarded as the father of modern criminology for his positivist ideas.
Q102. Cesare Beccaria’s famous book “On Crimes and Punishments” (1764) advocated?
(A) Death penalty for all crimes
(B) Torture as legal
(C) Proportionate punishment and abolition of torture
(D) Biological theories
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Proportionate punishment and abolition of torture
📘 Explanation: Beccaria opposed torture and called for fair, proportionate justice.
Q103. The concept of “free will” in crime is mainly associated with?
(A) Positivist School
(B) Classical School
(C) Sociological School
(D) Marxist School
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Classical School
📘 Explanation: Classical criminology assumes humans commit crimes by choice.
Q104. Biological determinism in criminology is linked with?
(A) Edwin Sutherland
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Cesare Lombroso
(D) Cesare Beccaria
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Cesare Lombroso
📘 Explanation: Lombroso argued criminals inherit criminal traits biologically.
Q105. Which school highlights economic inequalities as the root of crime?
(A) Marxist/Conflict School
(B) Classical School
(C) Chicago School
(D) Positivist School
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Marxist/Conflict School
📘 Explanation: Conflict theorists argue crime results from class struggles and capitalist exploitation.
Q106. “Differential Association Theory” is linked to which school?
(A) Classical
(B) Positivist
(C) Sociological
(D) Marxist
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Sociological
📘 Explanation: Edwin Sutherland’s theory states crime is learned through interaction.
Q107. Who proposed the concept of “Born Criminals”?
(A) Beccaria
(B) Lombroso
(C) Bentham
(D) Durkheim
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Lombroso
📘 Explanation: Lombroso classified criminals as born, insane, or occasional.
Q108. The utilitarian approach in criminology was advanced by?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Jeremy Bentham
(C) Lombroso
(D) Robert Merton
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Jeremy Bentham
📘 Explanation: Bentham argued punishment should maximize social happiness and minimize pain.
Q109. The concept that crime is inevitable and a normal part of society was given by?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Emile Durkheim
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Lombroso
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Emile Durkheim
📘 Explanation: Durkheim saw crime as necessary for social change and boundaries of morality.
Q110. The modern integrated approach to criminology combines?
(A) Classical and Marxist schools
(B) Biological, psychological, and sociological theories
(C) Only deterrence and retribution
(D) None of these
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Biological, psychological, and sociological theories
📘 Explanation: Modern criminology uses a holistic view considering multiple factors of crime.
🔹 Section 7: Criminal Justice System & Institutions
Q111. The criminal justice system mainly consists of?
(A) Police, Courts, and Prisons
(B) Lawyers, Judges, and Politicians
(C) Media, NGOs, and Civil Society
(D) None of these
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Police, Courts, and Prisons
📘 Explanation: These three institutions form the backbone of the criminal justice system.
Q112. The primary role of police in the criminal justice system is?
(A) Adjudication
(B) Law enforcement and crime prevention
(C) Imposing punishments
(D) Passing legislation
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Law enforcement and crime prevention
📘 Explanation: Police maintain law and order, prevent crime, and investigate offenses.
Q113. Which institution is responsible for the trial and sentencing of offenders?
(A) Police
(B) Courts
(C) Prisons
(D) Probation offices
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Courts
📘 Explanation: Courts ensure fair trials, interpret laws, and deliver justice.
Q114. The purpose of prisons is mainly?
(A) Provide free education
(B) Punish, reform, and rehabilitate offenders
(C) Only detention of criminals
(D) Control over police
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Punish, reform, and rehabilitate offenders
📘 Explanation: Modern prison philosophy includes both punishment and rehabilitation.
Q115. Probation is best described as?
(A) Detention in jail
(B) Release of offenders under supervision instead of imprisonment
(C) Execution of criminals
(D) A type of parole
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Release of offenders under supervision instead of imprisonment
📘 Explanation: Probation helps integrate offenders into society without jail time.
Q116. Parole refers to?
(A) Early release of a prisoner under supervision
(B) Detention before trial
(C) Release without any conditions
(D) Bail granted by court
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Early release of a prisoner under supervision
📘 Explanation: Parole allows prisoners to serve part of their sentence under conditions.
Q117. Which country introduced the concept of parole?
(A) USA
(B) England
(C) France
(D) Australia
✅ Correct Answer: (D) Australia
📘 Explanation: Parole originated in Australia during the 19th century as part of prison reforms.
Q118. In Pakistan, the criminal courts are governed under?
(A) Penal Code only
(B) Police Act
(C) Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
(D) Constitution only
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
📘 Explanation: The CrPC defines the procedures for trials, investigations, and criminal justice.
Q119. Which of the following is NOT a type of criminal court in Pakistan?
(A) Session Court
(B) Anti-Terrorism Court
(C) Family Court
(D) High Court
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Family Court
📘 Explanation: Family courts handle civil/family matters, not criminal cases.
Q120. Who is the head of prosecution in criminal trials in Pakistan?
(A) Police officer
(B) Public Prosecutor
(C) Defense Lawyer
(D) Magistrate
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Public Prosecutor
📘 Explanation: Prosecutors represent the state in criminal proceedings.
Q121. Bail is granted by?
(A) Police officer
(B) Magistrate or Judge
(C) Jail Superintendent
(D) President
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Magistrate or Judge
📘 Explanation: Courts decide bail applications under CrPC provisions.
Q122. Which principle is central to criminal justice?
(A) Guilty until proven innocent
(B) Innocent until proven guilty
(C) Eye for an eye
(D) Punish without evidence
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Innocent until proven guilty
📘 Explanation: Fair trial and presumption of innocence are key legal principles.
Q123. Which UN body promotes international standards for prisons and prisoners?
(A) UNESCO
(B) UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
(C) UNICEF
(D) WHO
✅ Correct Answer: (B) UNODC
📘 Explanation: UNODC develops global standards for fair prison systems.
Q124. The “Police Order 2002” in Pakistan replaced which act?
(A) Police Act 1861
(B) CrPC
(C) Evidence Act
(D) Constitution
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Police Act 1861
📘 Explanation: Police Order 2002 modernized policing structure in Pakistan.
Q125. Who has the power to grant pardon in criminal cases in Pakistan?
(A) Supreme Court
(B) President of Pakistan
(C) Prime Minister
(D) High Court
✅ Correct Answer: (B) President of Pakistan
📘 Explanation: Under Article 45 of the Constitution, the President can pardon or commute sentences.
Q126. Restorative justice focuses on?
(A) Harsh punishment
(B) Revenge
(C) Repairing harm by involving victim, offender, and community
(D) Isolating offenders permanently
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Repairing harm by involving victim, offender, and community
📘 Explanation: Restorative justice emphasizes reconciliation and community involvement.
Q127. Which of the following is a reformative alternative to imprisonment?
(A) Community service
(B) Capital punishment
(C) Long-term detention
(D) Solitary confinement
✅ Correct Answer: (A) Community service
📘 Explanation: Non-custodial punishments aim at rehabilitation and social integration.
Q128. Juvenile offenders in Pakistan are dealt under which law?
(A) Hudood Ordinance
(B) Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018
(C) PPC only
(D) Family Law
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018
📘 Explanation: The law provides separate procedures for under-18 offenders.
Q129. Which one is NOT a function of prisons?
(A) Detaining convicted criminals
(B) Providing reformation programs
(C) Passing death sentences
(D) Ensuring security within prison
✅ Correct Answer: (C) Passing death sentences
📘 Explanation: Sentencing is the function of courts, not prisons.
Q130. Which international rules provide guidelines on the treatment of prisoners?
(A) Geneva Conventions
(B) Nelson Mandela Rules
(C) UN Charter
(D) Paris Agreement
✅ Correct Answer: (B) Nelson Mandela Rules
📘 Explanation: Adopted in 2015, these rules set global minimum standards for prisoner treatment.
📌 Batch 8: Criminal Law & Justice System (MCQs 131–160)
131. Which law in Pakistan primarily deals with criminal offenses and their punishments?
(A) Civil Procedure Code
(B) Pakistan Penal Code (PPC)
(C) Qanun-e-Shahadat Order
(D) Police Act
Correct Answer: (B) Pakistan Penal Code (PPC)
Explanation: PPC 1860 is the backbone of criminal law in Pakistan, defining crimes and punishments.
132. The principle “innocent until proven guilty” is part of which system?
(A) Criminal Justice System
(B) Civil Law System
(C) International Law
(D) Military Law
Correct Answer: (A) Criminal Justice System
Explanation: This principle ensures fairness in trials, placing the burden of proof on prosecution.
133. The police in Pakistan primarily operate under which law?
(A) Police Order 2002
(B) Police Act 1861
(C) Criminal Procedure Code
(D) Public Safety Act
Correct Answer: (A) Police Order 2002
Explanation: Police Order 2002 replaced the colonial Police Act 1861, introducing accountability reforms.
134. Which institution in Pakistan conducts criminal trials for ordinary offenses?
(A) Civil Courts
(B) District and Sessions Courts
(C) Supreme Court
(D) Federal Shariat Court
Correct Answer: (B) District and Sessions Courts
Explanation: Sessions Courts try major criminal offenses such as murder, robbery, etc.
135. The term “due process of law” means?
(A) Equal taxation
(B) Legal procedure must be followed before depriving liberty
(C) Immediate punishment without trial
(D) Police supremacy in trials
Correct Answer: (B) Legal procedure must be followed before depriving liberty
Explanation: Due process ensures protection of fundamental rights during legal proceedings.
136. Which punishment is given under Section 302 of PPC?
(A) Theft
(B) Murder
(C) Forgery
(D) Kidnapping
Correct Answer: (B) Murder
Explanation: Section 302 PPC prescribes punishments including death penalty, life imprisonment, or compensation for murder.
137. In Pakistan, appeals from High Court decisions in criminal matters lie with?
(A) District Courts
(B) Supreme Court
(C) Federal Shariat Court
(D) Sessions Court
Correct Answer: (B) Supreme Court
Explanation: The Supreme Court is the final appellate authority in criminal cases.
138. Which international treaty deals with torture prevention?
(A) Geneva Conventions
(B) UN Convention Against Torture (CAT)
(C) Vienna Convention
(D) Hague Conventions
Correct Answer: (B) UN Convention Against Torture (CAT)
Explanation: CAT obliges states to prevent torture and inhumane treatment.
139. Which of the following is a white-collar crime?
(A) Murder
(B) Robbery
(C) Embezzlement
(D) Kidnapping
Correct Answer: (C) Embezzlement
Explanation: White-collar crimes are non-violent crimes, usually financial, committed by professionals.
140. Habeas Corpus writ protects which right?
(A) Right to fair trial
(B) Right to liberty against unlawful detention
(C) Right to property
(D) Right to privacy
Correct Answer: (B) Right to liberty against unlawful detention
Explanation: Habeas Corpus literally means “produce the body” and protects against illegal arrest.
141. The main role of the prosecution in a criminal case is?
(A) To defend the accused
(B) To enforce administrative laws
(C) To prove the guilt of accused
(D) To execute punishments
Correct Answer: (C) To prove the guilt of accused
Explanation: The prosecution represents the state and carries the burden of proof.
142. Which one is NOT a criminal justice institution?
(A) Police
(B) Courts
(C) Prisons
(D) Central Bank
Correct Answer: (D) Central Bank
Explanation: Central Bank deals with monetary policy, not criminal justice.
143. In Pakistan, which court has jurisdiction over Hudood cases?
(A) Sessions Court
(B) Federal Shariat Court
(C) Supreme Court
(D) Anti-Terrorism Court
Correct Answer: (B) Federal Shariat Court
Explanation: FSC reviews Hudood cases and ensures compliance with Islamic injunctions.
144. Which punishment is associated with Section 376 PPC?
(A) Murder
(B) Rape
(C) Theft
(D) Fraud
Correct Answer: (B) Rape
Explanation: Section 376 prescribes severe punishment for rape, including death penalty in aggravated cases.
145. Which concept was highlighted by Cesare Beccaria in criminology?
(A) Deterrence through punishment
(B) Biological theory of crime
(C) Conflict theory
(D) Marxist criminology
Correct Answer: (A) Deterrence through punishment
Explanation: Beccaria emphasized proportional punishment to deter future crimes.
146. Which type of justice focuses on compensating victims instead of punishing criminals?
(A) Retributive Justice
(B) Restorative Justice
(C) Procedural Justice
(D) Social Justice
Correct Answer: (B) Restorative Justice
Explanation: Restorative justice repairs harm by reconciliation between victim and offender.
147. Which international tribunal tried war crimes in former Yugoslavia?
(A) ICC
(B) ICJ
(C) ICTY
(D) ICTR
Correct Answer: (C) ICTY
Explanation: ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia) prosecuted war crimes in the Balkans.
148. What is the punishment for theft under Section 378/381 PPC?
(A) Death penalty
(B) Imprisonment and fine
(C) Whipping only
(D) No punishment
Correct Answer: (B) Imprisonment and fine
Explanation: Theft under PPC is punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years, fine, or both.
149. Which principle is followed in criminal law regarding evidence?
(A) Beyond reasonable doubt
(B) Balance of probabilities
(C) Presumption of guilt
(D) Strict liability only
Correct Answer: (A) Beyond reasonable doubt
Explanation: Criminal conviction requires evidence beyond reasonable doubt.
150. Which article of the Constitution of Pakistan ensures “Right to Fair Trial”?
(A) Article 8
(B) Article 9
(C) Article 10-A
(D) Article 25
Correct Answer: (C) Article 10-A
Explanation: Article 10-A (inserted by 18th Amendment) ensures fair trial as a fundamental right.
151. Who heads the police force in a district in Pakistan?
(A) District Judge
(B) Deputy Commissioner
(C) District Police Officer (DPO)
(D) SHO
Correct Answer: (C) District Police Officer (DPO)
Explanation: DPO is the senior-most police officer at district level.
152. Juvenile offenders in Pakistan are protected under?
(A) Hudood Ordinances
(B) Juvenile Justice System Act 2018
(C) Anti-Terrorism Act 1997
(D) Prevention of Corruption Act
Correct Answer: (B) Juvenile Justice System Act 2018
Explanation: This Act ensures special treatment and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders.
153. Bail before arrest is granted under which section of CrPC?
(A) Section 498
(B) Section 497
(C) Section 302
(D) Section 376
Correct Answer: (A) Section 498
Explanation: Section 498 CrPC allows bail before arrest to prevent misuse of law.
154. Who investigates corruption cases in Pakistan?
(A) FIA
(B) NAB
(C) Police
(D) Judiciary
Correct Answer: (B) NAB
Explanation: National Accountability Bureau investigates corruption and misuse of authority.
155. Which is NOT a stage of criminal trial?
(A) Investigation
(B) Arrest
(C) Conviction
(D) Impeachment
Correct Answer: (D) Impeachment
Explanation: Impeachment is for removal of officials, not part of criminal trial.
156. Which type of crime is cyber fraud?
(A) Traditional crime
(B) Digital crime
(C) Political crime
(D) Organized crime
Correct Answer: (B) Digital crime
Explanation: Cyber fraud involves use of internet and digital systems to cheat victims.
157. Which court hears terrorism-related cases in Pakistan?
(A) High Court
(B) Anti-Terrorism Court (ATC)
(C) Supreme Court
(D) Civil Court
Correct Answer: (B) Anti-Terrorism Court (ATC)
Explanation: ATCs were established under Anti-Terrorism Act 1997 to deal with terrorism.
158. Which international court tries crimes against humanity?
(A) ICJ
(B) ICC
(C) PCA
(D) UNGA
Correct Answer: (B) ICC
Explanation: International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes.
159. Preventive detention laws in Pakistan are usually justified under?
(A) Security of State
(B) Right to life
(C) Equality before law
(D) Freedom of speech
Correct Answer: (A) Security of State
Explanation: Preventive detention is used to maintain security and order.
160. What is the role of prisons in criminal justice system?
(A) Punishment and rehabilitation of offenders
(B) Only execution of punishments
(C) Settling civil disputes
(D) Deciding criminal cases
Correct Answer: (A) Punishment and rehabilitation of offenders
Explanation: Prisons serve both punitive and rehabilitative purposes.
📌 Batch 9: Criminological Theories in Modern Context (MCQs 161–190)
161. Who is regarded as the father of modern criminology?
(A) Cesare Lombroso
(B) Cesare Beccaria
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Karl Marx
Correct Answer: (A) Cesare Lombroso
Explanation: Lombroso introduced biological theories of crime, shifting criminology towards scientific study.
162. The Classical School of Criminology emphasizes:
(A) Free will and rational choice
(B) Biological determinism
(C) Social inequality
(D) Psychological disorders
Correct Answer: (A) Free will and rational choice
Explanation: It argues that individuals choose crime after weighing costs and benefits.
163. Who introduced the concept of “anomie” in criminology?
(A) Max Weber
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Robert Merton
Correct Answer: (C) Emile Durkheim
Explanation: Durkheim described anomie as a breakdown of social norms leading to crime.
164. Robert Merton’s Strain Theory is based on:
(A) Inequality between cultural goals and institutional means
(B) Biological traits
(C) Police brutality
(D) International law
Correct Answer: (A) Inequality between cultural goals and institutional means
Explanation: Crime results when individuals cannot achieve societal goals through legal means.
165. Social Disorganization Theory links crime with:
(A) Weak community institutions and social control
(B) Individual free will
(C) Economic prosperity
(D) Biological factors
Correct Answer: (A) Weak community institutions and social control
Explanation: High crime areas often lack strong family, school, and community structures.
166. Who proposed the Differential Association Theory?
(A) Edwin Sutherland
(B) Travis Hirschi
(C) Howard Becker
(D) Michel Foucault
Correct Answer: (A) Edwin Sutherland
Explanation: He argued that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others.
167. Labeling Theory in criminology emphasizes:
(A) Punishment reduces crime
(B) Society’s reaction creates criminals
(C) Biological defects cause crime
(D) Class struggle shapes law
Correct Answer: (B) Society’s reaction creates criminals
Explanation: Labeling someone as a “criminal” may reinforce deviant identity.
168. Which criminologist is associated with Control Theory?
(A) Robert Merton
(B) Travis Hirschi
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Lombroso
Correct Answer: (B) Travis Hirschi
Explanation: Hirschi suggested strong social bonds prevent individuals from committing crime.
169. Broken Windows Theory suggests:
(A) Serious crimes only happen in big cities
(B) Ignoring minor disorder leads to major crime
(C) Crime is only biological
(D) Terrorism causes urban decay
Correct Answer: (B) Ignoring minor disorder leads to major crime
Explanation: Maintaining order prevents escalation of criminal behavior.
170. Marxist Criminology views crime as:
(A) A result of individual choices
(B) A product of class inequality and capitalism
(C) Biological determinism
(D) Religious conflict
Correct Answer: (B) A product of class inequality and capitalism
Explanation: Marxist theory highlights exploitation and inequality as root causes of crime.
171. Which theory explains white-collar crime best?
(A) Rational Choice Theory
(B) Strain Theory
(C) Differential Association Theory
(D) Marxist Criminology
Correct Answer: (C) Differential Association Theory
Explanation: Professionals learn criminal techniques through associations in workplace culture.
172. Routine Activity Theory suggests crime occurs when:
(A) Biological impulses dominate
(B) Motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of guardian coincide
(C) Poverty increases
(D) Law enforcement is strict
Correct Answer: (B) Motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of guardian coincide
Explanation: Cohen and Felson developed this crime opportunity theory.
173. Critical Criminology focuses on:
(A) Free will of criminals
(B) Power relations, inequality, and social justice
(C) Biological differences
(D) Random choice of crime
Correct Answer: (B) Power relations, inequality, and social justice
Explanation: It critiques mainstream criminology for ignoring systemic inequalities.
174. Rational Choice Theory assumes criminals are:
(A) Irrational beings
(B) Psychologically disturbed
(C) Rational actors calculating risks and rewards
(D) Victims of society
Correct Answer: (C) Rational actors calculating risks and rewards
Explanation: This theory builds on the classical school of thought.
175. Feminist Criminology highlights:
(A) Crimes against women only
(B) Gendered power relations in crime and justice
(C) Only biological factors
(D) Class-based struggle
Correct Answer: (B) Gendered power relations in crime and justice
Explanation: It examines how patriarchy influences crime and women’s treatment in justice systems.
176. Who developed the General Theory of Crime (Self-Control Theory)?
(A) Gottfredson and Hirschi
(B) Robert Merton
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Michel Foucault
Correct Answer: (A) Gottfredson and Hirschi
Explanation: They argued low self-control leads to impulsive criminal acts.
177. Neutralization Theory explains crime as:
(A) A permanent criminal trait
(B) Result of denial and justifications by offenders
(C) An inherited behavior
(D) State policy failure
Correct Answer: (B) Result of denial and justifications by offenders
Explanation: Sykes and Matza argued offenders neutralize guilt through excuses.
178. Environmental Criminology studies:
(A) The role of ecology and environment in crime patterns
(B) Genetics of criminals
(C) Police institutions only
(D) International terrorism
Correct Answer: (A) The role of ecology and environment in crime patterns
Explanation: It analyzes how locations, design, and environment influence crime.
179. Postmodern Criminology argues crime is:
(A) Fixed and universal
(B) Socially constructed and dependent on discourse
(C) Only psychological
(D) Determined by genetics
Correct Answer: (B) Socially constructed and dependent on discourse
Explanation: It emphasizes language, culture, and power in defining crime.
180. Which criminological theory best explains organized crime?
(A) Differential Association Theory
(B) Labeling Theory
(C) Marxist Theory
(D) Biological Theory
Correct Answer: (A) Differential Association Theory
Explanation: Organized crime groups often pass down criminal knowledge across generations.
181. Who emphasized “Techniques of Neutralization” in criminology?
(A) Travis Hirschi
(B) Sykes and Matza
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Emile Durkheim
Correct Answer: (B) Sykes and Matza
Explanation: They identified excuses criminals use to neutralize guilt.
182. Biosocial theories of crime combine:
(A) Social factors and biological traits
(B) Only environment
(C) Only genetics
(D) Only economic class
Correct Answer: (A) Social factors and biological traits
Explanation: These theories examine the interaction of biology and environment.
183. Situational Crime Prevention focuses on:
(A) Changing criminal mindset
(B) Reducing opportunities for crime
(C) Eliminating poverty
(D) Legal reforms only
Correct Answer: (B) Reducing opportunities for crime
Explanation: It involves CCTV, lighting, and target-hardening strategies.
184. Chicago School of Criminology is famous for:
(A) Biological studies
(B) Social ecology of urban crime
(C) Labeling only
(D) Feminist criminology
Correct Answer: (B) Social ecology of urban crime
Explanation: It studied how urban zones influence crime rates.
185. Conflict Theory in criminology views law as:
(A) Neutral and fair
(B) Tool of powerful groups to control weaker ones
(C) A biological necessity
(D) Divine command
Correct Answer: (B) Tool of powerful groups to control weaker ones
Explanation: It stresses how elites use laws to maintain dominance.
186. Cultural Deviance Theory argues crime results from:
(A) Cultural values conflicting with mainstream society
(B) Mental illness
(C) Economic growth
(D) Genetic mutation
Correct Answer: (A) Cultural values conflicting with mainstream society
Explanation: Subcultures sometimes develop values supporting deviant acts.
187. Which theory explains juvenile delinquency through peer influence?
(A) Labeling Theory
(B) Differential Association Theory
(C) Rational Choice Theory
(D) Classical Theory
Correct Answer: (B) Differential Association Theory
Explanation: Juveniles often adopt criminal behavior from peers.
188. Social Bond Theory suggests crime occurs when:
(A) Social bonds are weak or broken
(B) Poverty is absent
(C) Surveillance is high
(D) Justice system is strong
Correct Answer: (A) Social bonds are weak or broken
Explanation: Strong attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief reduce crime.
189. Who introduced the idea of “discipline and punishment” in criminology?
(A) Travis Hirschi
(B) Michel Foucault
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Karl Marx
Correct Answer: (B) Michel Foucault
Explanation: Foucault studied the evolution of prisons and disciplinary societies.
190. Which criminological perspective sees crime as a normal part of society?
(A) Functionalist Perspective
(B) Marxist Perspective
(C) Postmodern Perspective
(D) Feminist Perspective
Correct Answer: (A) Functionalist Perspective
Explanation: Durkheim argued crime is inevitable and can reinforce social norms.
📌 Batch 10: Contemporary Issues in Criminology (MCQs 191–220)
191. Cybercrime mainly refers to:
(A) Crimes committed using digital technology
(B) Crimes in rural areas
(C) Crimes by government officials
(D) None of these
Correct Answer: (A) Crimes committed using digital technology
Explanation: Cybercrime includes hacking, phishing, identity theft, and online fraud.
192. The dark figure of crime refers to:
(A) Crimes committed at night
(B) Crimes not reported to police or unrecorded
(C) Organized crimes
(D) None of these
Correct Answer: (B) Crimes not reported to police or unrecorded
Explanation: This represents the gap between actual crime and recorded statistics.
193. Which international organization publishes the Global Report on Crime and Justice?
(A) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
(B) World Bank
(C) IMF
(D) Interpol
Correct Answer: (A) UNODC
Explanation: UNODC provides global data and analysis on crime and justice.
194. Terrorism in criminology is often analyzed under:
(A) Political crime
(B) Environmental crime
(C) Corporate crime
(D) Cybercrime
Correct Answer: (A) Political crime
Explanation: Terrorism involves violence to achieve political or ideological goals.
195. Green Criminology focuses on:
(A) Crimes against women
(B) Crimes against the environment and non-human species
(C) Financial frauds
(D) Street crimes
Correct Answer: (B) Crimes against the environment and non-human species
Explanation: It studies illegal logging, pollution, wildlife trafficking, and ecological harm.
196. Human trafficking is considered a:
(A) Transnational organized crime
(B) Cybercrime
(C) Victimless crime
(D) White-collar crime
Correct Answer: (A) Transnational organized crime
Explanation: Trafficking involves exploitation of people across borders for profit.
197. Money laundering refers to:
(A) Stealing from banks
(B) Disguising illegal money as legitimate income
(C) Investing only in real estate
(D) Cyber fraud
Correct Answer: (B) Disguising illegal money as legitimate income
Explanation: Criminals use financial systems to “clean” illicit funds.
198. Which term describes crimes committed by corporations for profit?
(A) Street crime
(B) Corporate crime
(C) Political crime
(D) Environmental crime
Correct Answer: (B) Corporate crime
Explanation: Includes price-fixing, unsafe products, and tax evasion.
199. Hate crimes are committed due to:
(A) Financial gain
(B) Bias against race, religion, gender, or ethnicity
(C) Personal jealousy
(D) Accidental harm
Correct Answer: (B) Bias against race, religion, gender, or ethnicity
Explanation: Hate crimes target victims based on identity or group characteristics.
200. Which criminological field deals with crimes committed using computers and internet?
(A) Green Criminology
(B) Cyber Criminology
(C) Postmodern Criminology
(D) Conflict Criminology
Correct Answer: (B) Cyber Criminology
Explanation: It analyzes causes and prevention of internet-related crimes.
201. White-collar crime was first defined by:
(A) Edwin Sutherland
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Emile Durkheim
Correct Answer: (A) Edwin Sutherland
Explanation: He described crimes by people of high social status in occupations.
202. The concept of restorative justice emphasizes:
(A) Retribution
(B) Rehabilitation and reconciliation between offender and victim
(C) Harsh punishment
(D) Only police control
Correct Answer: (B) Rehabilitation and reconciliation between offender and victim
Explanation: Restorative justice seeks healing and accountability rather than punishment.
203. Which organization is primarily responsible for international police cooperation?
(A) IMF
(B) Interpol
(C) World Bank
(D) NATO
Correct Answer: (B) Interpol
Explanation: Interpol coordinates cross-border investigations and law enforcement.
204. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) relates to:
(A) Environmental protection
(B) Personal data privacy in the European Union
(C) Money laundering
(D) Terrorism financing
Correct Answer: (B) Personal data privacy in the European Union
Explanation: GDPR sets strict rules for data collection and protection.
205. Victimology studies:
(A) Behavior of criminals
(B) Victims, their experiences, and victim-offender relationships
(C) Legal systems only
(D) Causes of terrorism
Correct Answer: (B) Victims, their experiences, and victim-offender relationships
Explanation: Victimology emphasizes rights, trauma, and recovery of victims.
206. Which crime is most often linked with globalization?
(A) Street robbery
(B) Human trafficking and drug smuggling
(C) Local burglary
(D) Juvenile delinquency
Correct Answer: (B) Human trafficking and drug smuggling
Explanation: Globalization has increased cross-border organized crime.
207. Which criminological approach studies crime through the lens of surveillance and technology?
(A) Postmodern criminology
(B) Surveillance studies
(C) Classical criminology
(D) Strain theory
Correct Answer: (B) Surveillance studies
Explanation: It focuses on how monitoring systems control crime.
208. What is cyberstalking?
(A) Following someone in real life
(B) Harassing or threatening someone using internet or digital means
(C) Financial fraud
(D) Organized hacking
Correct Answer: (B) Harassing or threatening someone using internet or digital means
Explanation: It includes online threats, harassment, and invasion of privacy.
209. Which of the following is an example of environmental crime?
(A) Hacking
(B) Illegal logging
(C) Bribery
(D) Kidnapping
Correct Answer: (B) Illegal logging
Explanation: Environmental crimes harm ecosystems and biodiversity.
210. The concept of “criminogenic needs” is used in:
(A) Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model of rehabilitation
(B) Deterrence theory
(C) Classical school
(D) Conflict theory
Correct Answer: (A) Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model of rehabilitation
Explanation: It identifies dynamic risk factors that can be changed to reduce reoffending.
211. State crime refers to:
(A) Crime by street gangs
(B) Illegal or harmful acts committed by governments
(C) Cyber fraud
(D) Juvenile delinquency
Correct Answer: (B) Illegal or harmful acts committed by governments
Explanation: Examples include genocide, torture, and unlawful surveillance.
212. Which modern theory explains corporate corruption?
(A) Labeling theory
(B) Differential association theory
(C) Rational choice theory
(D) Institutional anomie theory
Correct Answer: (D) Institutional anomie theory
Explanation: It argues economic pressure and weak norms encourage corporate corruption.
213. Which is considered a victimless crime?
(A) Drug use
(B) Kidnapping
(C) Human trafficking
(D) Murder
Correct Answer: (A) Drug use
Explanation: Victimless crimes involve consensual acts, but still impact society.
214. Dark web is often linked with:
(A) Legal markets
(B) Illegal trading of drugs, weapons, and stolen data
(C) Tourism
(D) Police surveillance
Correct Answer: (B) Illegal trading of drugs, weapons, and stolen data
Explanation: Dark web hosts hidden illegal marketplaces.
215. Biometric surveillance (like facial recognition) raises concerns of:
(A) Increased transparency
(B) Privacy violations and mass surveillance
(C) Environmental crime
(D) Juvenile justice
Correct Answer: (B) Privacy violations and mass surveillance
Explanation: Critics argue it threatens individual freedoms and rights.
216. Who developed the “routine activity theory”?
(A) Cohen and Felson
(B) Edwin Sutherland
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Karl Marx
Correct Answer: (A) Cohen and Felson
Explanation: They explained crime opportunities based on everyday activities.
217. Juvenile delinquency refers to:
(A) Crimes committed by minors under legal adulthood
(B) Corporate fraud
(C) Political corruption
(D) Environmental harm
Correct Answer: (A) Crimes committed by minors under legal adulthood
Explanation: Juvenile crime often requires rehabilitation rather than punishment.
218. Which international convention focuses on combating corruption?
(A) Kyoto Protocol
(B) UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC)
(C) Paris Agreement
(D) Geneva Convention
Correct Answer: (B) UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC)
Explanation: UNCAC (2003) is the only legally binding universal anti-corruption instrument.
219. In criminology, “situational awareness” is crucial for:
(A) Preventing crime through vigilance and environment monitoring
(B) Studying biological traits
(C) Legal reforms only
(D) Victimology studies
Correct Answer: (A) Preventing crime through vigilance and environment monitoring
Explanation: Situational awareness helps individuals avoid risky situations.
220. Which global organization focuses on anti-money laundering standards?
(A) Interpol
(B) FATF (Financial Action Task Force)
(C) UNDP
(D) World Bank
Correct Answer: (B) FATF (Financial Action Task Force)
Explanation: FATF sets international guidelines to counter money laundering and terrorism financing.
📌 Batch 11: Criminology Past Papers MCQs (221–250)
221. Who is known as the father of criminology?
(A) Cesare Lombroso
(B) Emile Durkheim
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Robert Merton
Correct Answer: (A) Cesare Lombroso
Explanation: Lombroso introduced biological theories of criminality in the 19th century.
222. The book On Crimes and Punishments was written by:
(A) Cesare Beccaria
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Jeremy Bentham
(D) Edwin Sutherland
Correct Answer: (A) Cesare Beccaria
Explanation: Beccaria’s book (1764) laid the foundation of classical criminology.
223. Who coined the term “White-Collar Crime”?
(A) Robert Merton
(B) Edwin Sutherland
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Howard Becker
Correct Answer: (B) Edwin Sutherland
Explanation: Sutherland (1939) defined crimes committed by high-status professionals.
224. The concept of “Anomie” was given by:
(A) Emile Durkheim
(B) Max Weber
(C) Sigmund Freud
(D) Auguste Comte
Correct Answer: (A) Emile Durkheim
Explanation: Anomie describes a breakdown of norms leading to deviance.
225. The Chicago School of Criminology emphasized:
(A) Social environment and urban ecology
(B) Genetic factors
(C) Religious values
(D) Psychological traits
Correct Answer: (A) Social environment and urban ecology
Explanation: It studied how neighborhoods and environment shape crime.
226. Which theory is associated with Robert Merton?
(A) Strain theory
(B) Labeling theory
(C) Differential association
(D) Control theory
Correct Answer: (A) Strain theory
Explanation: Merton argued crime occurs when social goals and means mismatch.
227. The term “Broken Windows Theory” is linked with:
(A) Wilson and Kelling
(B) Durkheim
(C) Hirschi
(D) Marx
Correct Answer: (A) Wilson and Kelling
Explanation: It suggests minor disorder leads to major crimes if unchecked.
228. According to Hirschi’s theory, crime is controlled by:
(A) Strong social bonds
(B) Economic wealth
(C) Political institutions
(D) Biological traits
Correct Answer: (A) Strong social bonds
Explanation: Hirschi’s social control theory stresses attachment and commitment prevent crime.
229. Who introduced the concept of Differential Association?
(A) Edwin Sutherland
(B) Howard Becker
(C) Robert Agnew
(D) Sigmund Freud
Correct Answer: (A) Edwin Sutherland
Explanation: He stated criminal behavior is learned through social interactions.
230. According to Howard Becker, deviance is the result of:
(A) Social labeling
(B) Biological defects
(C) Lack of education
(D) Poverty
Correct Answer: (A) Social labeling
Explanation: Labeling theory says society’s reaction creates deviance.
231. The main focus of Classical School of Criminology is:
(A) Free will and rational choice
(B) Genetic influence
(C) Psychological abnormalities
(D) Social disorganization
Correct Answer: (A) Free will and rational choice
Explanation: Classical thinkers emphasized deterrence through punishment.
232. Positivist School of Criminology stresses on:
(A) Social and biological factors
(B) Purely rational choice
(C) Only free will
(D) Religious law
Correct Answer: (A) Social and biological factors
Explanation: Positivists argue crime is influenced by environment and biology.
233. The Routine Activity Theory was proposed by:
(A) Cohen and Felson
(B) Lombroso
(C) Marx
(D) Merton
Correct Answer: (A) Cohen and Felson
Explanation: Crime occurs when a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of guardian coincide.
234. Restorative justice emphasizes:
(A) Healing between victim and offender
(B) Strict punishment
(C) State control only
(D) Revenge
Correct Answer: (A) Healing between victim and offender
Explanation: It focuses on reconciliation and rehabilitation.
235. Which criminologist is associated with General Strain Theory?
(A) Robert Agnew
(B) Edwin Sutherland
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Emile Durkheim
Correct Answer: (A) Robert Agnew
Explanation: Agnew expanded Merton’s strain theory to broader stresses.
236. The first national crime survey in the USA was conducted in:
(A) 1973
(B) 1950
(C) 1960
(D) 1985
Correct Answer: (A) 1973
Explanation: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) started in 1973.
237. The term “victimless crime” often refers to:
(A) Drug use, gambling, prostitution
(B) Murder
(C) Terrorism
(D) Robbery
Correct Answer: (A) Drug use, gambling, prostitution
Explanation: Victimless crimes involve consensual acts with social consequences.
238. Which country pioneered the Broken Windows policing model?
(A) USA
(B) UK
(C) France
(D) Japan
Correct Answer: (A) USA
Explanation: It was first applied in New York City in the 1990s.
239. Which criminological approach argues crime results from inequality and power struggles?
(A) Marxist/Conflict theory
(B) Classical school
(C) Positivist school
(D) Control theory
Correct Answer: (A) Marxist/Conflict theory
Explanation: It views crime as a product of class conflict.
240. The concept of Neutralization Techniques was introduced by:
(A) Sykes and Matza
(B) Beccaria
(C) Hirschi
(D) Cohen
Correct Answer: (A) Sykes and Matza
Explanation: Offenders justify actions by denying responsibility, harm, or victim.
241. Who is considered the father of modern policing?
(A) Sir Robert Peel
(B) Cesare Lombroso
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Jeremy Bentham
Correct Answer: (A) Sir Robert Peel
Explanation: He established London’s Metropolitan Police in 1829.
242. Biological theories of crime focus on:
(A) Genetics, body types, brain structures
(B) Social labeling
(C) Political conflict
(D) Rational choice
Correct Answer: (A) Genetics, body types, brain structures
Explanation: Early theories linked crime to physical traits.
243. Which criminologist proposed the “Delinquent Subculture” theory?
(A) Albert Cohen
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Robert Merton
(D) Hirschi
Correct Answer: (A) Albert Cohen
Explanation: He argued working-class youths form deviant subcultures.
244. Which type of crime is increasing rapidly with technology?
(A) Cybercrime
(B) Political crime
(C) Organized crime
(D) Street robbery
Correct Answer: (A) Cybercrime
Explanation: Includes hacking, identity theft, and online fraud.
245. The concept of Panopticon prison design was introduced by:
(A) Jeremy Bentham
(B) Michel Foucault
(C) Cesare Beccaria
(D) Howard Becker
Correct Answer: (A) Jeremy Bentham
Explanation: Circular design allowed one guard to observe many prisoners.
246. Which criminologist is known for “Techniques of Neutralization”?
(A) Sykes and Matza
(B) Durkheim
(C) Hirschi
(D) Merton
Correct Answer: (A) Sykes and Matza
Explanation: They explained how offenders rationalize deviance.
247. The earliest criminological theory is associated with:
(A) Classical School
(B) Positivist School
(C) Chicago School
(D) Conflict School
Correct Answer: (A) Classical School
Explanation: Beccaria and Bentham focused on rational choice and deterrence.
248. Crime mapping and hot spot policing are linked to:
(A) Environmental criminology
(B) Conflict theory
(C) Positivism
(D) Control theory
Correct Answer: (A) Environmental criminology
Explanation: It studies spatial distribution of crimes.
249. According to strain theory, individuals commit crime when:
(A) They cannot achieve goals through legitimate means
(B) They lack biological strength
(C) They are labeled by society
(D) They are born criminals
Correct Answer: (A) They cannot achieve goals through legitimate means
Explanation: This mismatch leads to frustration and deviance.
250. Who wrote Discipline and Punish analyzing prisons and power?
(A) Michel Foucault
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Edwin Sutherland
(D) Robert Agnew
Correct Answer: (A) Michel Foucault
Explanation: Foucault studied surveillance, punishment, and discipline systems.