Get 180+ Forestry MCQs with answers & explanations covering Forest Management, Sustained Yield, Working Plans, Forest Protection, and Economics. Perfect for forestry students, competitive exams, and sustainable management learners
Section 1: Principles of Forest Management (MCQs 1–10)
1. What is the primary aim of forest management?
(A) To increase forest area
(B) To provide maximum benefits to society while conserving forests
(C) To plant more trees than needed
(D) To clear old forests regularly
Correct Answer: (B) To provide maximum benefits to society while conserving forests
Explanation: Forest management ensures forests provide timber, fuelwood, biodiversity, and environmental services on a sustainable basis.
2. Which principle is central to scientific forest management?
(A) Over-harvesting of forest products
(B) Sustainable yield
(C) Exploitation of forest land
(D) Planting exotic species only
Correct Answer: (B) Sustainable yield
Explanation: Sustainable yield means harvesting only what the forest can naturally regenerate without degrading the ecosystem.
3. Who is considered the father of scientific forestry?
(A) Gifford Pinchot
(B) Sir Dietrich Brandis
(C) Aldo Leopold
(D) John Evelyn
Correct Answer: (B) Sir Dietrich Brandis
Explanation: Brandis introduced scientific forestry in India during the British period, laying foundations for forest management in South Asia.
4. What is the main tool of forest management planning?
(A) Plantation schemes
(B) Working plan
(C) Forest policy
(D) Community involvement
Correct Answer: (B) Working plan
Explanation: A working plan provides detailed guidelines for the management of a forest division, including yield regulation and conservation strategies.
5. Which principle ensures long-term forest benefits?
(A) Rotation
(B) Clear felling
(C) Maximum output in short time
(D) Conversion to agriculture
Correct Answer: (A) Rotation
Explanation: Rotation refers to the planned period between planting and harvesting that maintains forest productivity.
6. What is “forest regulation”?
(A) Government rules for cutting trees
(B) Scientific control of harvesting to maintain forest resources
(C) Prohibition of grazing in forests
(D) Legal ownership of forest land
Correct Answer: (B) Scientific control of harvesting to maintain forest resources
Explanation: Forest regulation balances timber extraction with forest regeneration to avoid resource depletion.
7. Which type of yield regulation system is based on forest area division?
(A) Volume method
(B) Area method
(C) Increment method
(D) Stand density method
Correct Answer: (B) Area method
Explanation: The area method divides forest into blocks and prescribes harvesting from a fixed area annually.
8. In forest management, what does “increment” mean?
(A) The increase in tree height only
(B) Annual increase in volume, girth, or biomass of trees
(C) Growth of new seedlings only
(D) Number of trees added each year
Correct Answer: (B) Annual increase in volume, girth, or biomass of trees
Explanation: Increment is a key factor in calculating sustainable yield.
9. Which of the following is NOT a principle of forest management?
(A) Sustainability
(B) Multiple use
(C) Short-term exploitation
(D) Conservation of biodiversity
Correct Answer: (C) Short-term exploitation
Explanation: Forest management emphasizes long-term sustainability, multiple use, and biodiversity conservation.
10. What does “multiple use management” of forests mean?
(A) Growing only timber
(B) Using forests for timber, fuel, grazing, wildlife, and recreation
(C) Selling land for agriculture
(D) Prioritizing industry over ecology
Correct Answer: (B) Using forests for timber, fuel, grazing, wildlife, and recreation
Explanation: Multiple use management ensures that forests serve economic, ecological, and social purposes simultaneously.
Section 2: Sustained Yield & Rotation (MCQs 11–20)
11. What is the meaning of “sustained yield” in forest management?
(A) Cutting all trees at once
(B) Harvesting forest produce continuously without reducing future productivity
(C) Increasing forest area every year
(D) Planting new species annually
Correct Answer: (B) Harvesting forest produce continuously without reducing future productivity
Explanation: Sustained yield ensures forests provide benefits indefinitely by balancing harvest with natural or artificial regeneration.
12. Who first introduced the concept of sustained yield in forestry?
(A) Gifford Pinchot
(B) Sir Dietrich Brandis
(C) Carl von Carlowitz
(D) Aldo Leopold
Correct Answer: (C) Carl von Carlowitz
Explanation: In 1713, Carlowitz in Germany emphasized sustained yield forestry in his book Sylvicultura Oeconomica.
13. Which formula is commonly used to calculate sustained yield?
(A) Volume × Area ÷ Rotation
(B) Growing stock ÷ Rotation age
(C) Increment × Density
(D) Volume ÷ Height
Correct Answer: (B) Growing stock ÷ Rotation age
Explanation: Sustained yield is determined by dividing the total growing stock volume by the planned rotation period.
14. What is the primary objective of sustained yield management?
(A) Maximum profit in short time
(B) Long-term continuous production of forest goods and services
(C) Reduction of forest area for agriculture
(D) Focusing only on timber production
Correct Answer: (B) Long-term continuous production of forest goods and services
Explanation: Sustained yield focuses on ecological balance and consistent benefits for present and future generations.
15. Which type of sustained yield regulation is based on forest increment?
(A) Area method
(B) Increment method
(C) Volume method
(D) Density method
Correct Answer: (B) Increment method
Explanation: Increment method relies on measuring annual growth of trees to regulate harvest levels.
16. What is “rotation” in forest management?
(A) Period of time between two thinnings
(B) Planned number of years between planting and final felling
(C) Cycle of natural regeneration
(D) Cutting interval of fuelwood species
Correct Answer: (B) Planned number of years between planting and final felling
Explanation: Rotation defines the economic age at which trees are harvested for maximum yield and value.
17. Which type of rotation is based on the age at which maximum economic return is achieved?
(A) Physical rotation
(B) Technical rotation
(C) Financial rotation
(D) Coppice rotation
Correct Answer: (C) Financial rotation
Explanation: Financial rotation considers economic return by discounting costs and revenues.
18. In coppice forests, rotation is generally:
(A) Very short (10–30 years)
(B) Long (100–150 years)
(C) Medium (40–60 years)
(D) Depends only on tree species
Correct Answer: (A) Very short (10–30 years)
Explanation: Coppice systems rely on resprouting ability of stumps; thus rotations are shorter compared to high forests.
19. Which of the following factors influences rotation length?
(A) Species characteristics
(B) Site quality
(C) Management objectives
(D) All of the above
Correct Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation: Rotation length is decided considering species growth rate, site fertility, market demand, and management goals.
20. The concept of “normal forest” is linked with:
(A) Uneven distribution of age classes
(B) Balanced age classes with sustained yield
(C) Random harvesting system
(D) Agroforestry practices
Correct Answer: (B) Balanced age classes with sustained yield
Explanation: A normal forest is an idealized forest with equal distribution of age classes, ensuring stable sustained yield over time.
Section 3: Working Plans & Yield Regulation (MCQs 21–30)
21. What is a working plan in forestry?
(A) A casual schedule of tree planting
(B) A detailed document for scientific management of a forest for a specific period
(C) A map of forest boundaries only
(D) A list of tree species in a forest
Correct Answer: (B) A detailed document for scientific management of a forest for a specific period
Explanation: A working plan provides systematic guidelines for silviculture, harvesting, regeneration, and protection for 10–20 years.
22. Who is credited with introducing working plans in India?
(A) Carl von Carlowitz
(B) Sir Dietrich Brandis
(C) Gifford Pinchot
(D) Troup
Correct Answer: (B) Sir Dietrich Brandis
Explanation: Brandis, the first Inspector General of Forests in India (1864), introduced scientific forestry and working plans.
23. The usual period of a working plan is:
(A) 2–5 years
(B) 10–20 years
(C) 30–50 years
(D) Unlimited
Correct Answer: (B) 10–20 years
Explanation: Working plans are generally prepared for a decade or two, allowing time for monitoring and adjustments.
24. Which is the first step in preparing a working plan?
(A) Silvicultural operations
(B) Collection of basic data about forest area and resources
(C) Yield regulation
(D) Regeneration planning
Correct Answer: (B) Collection of basic data about forest area and resources
Explanation: Forest inventories, site surveys, and resource assessments are essential before planning management strategies.
25. What is the main purpose of yield regulation in forestry?
(A) Ensuring maximum profit in a short period
(B) Achieving sustained and continuous forest output
(C) Reducing forest area for agriculture
(D) Harvesting only mature trees
Correct Answer: (B) Achieving sustained and continuous forest output
Explanation: Yield regulation ensures stability in timber supply and ecosystem services over time.
26. Which yield regulation method divides the total forest area into equal parts, each harvested annually?
(A) Volume method
(B) Area method
(C) Increment method
(D) Stand density method
Correct Answer: (B) Area method
Explanation: The area method ensures sustained yield by regulating harvest according to equal area divisions, regardless of volume.
27. The “European system” of yield regulation is also known as:
(A) Indian system
(B) Von Mantel’s formula
(C) Brandis formula
(D) Coppice system
Correct Answer: (B) Von Mantel’s formula
Explanation: Von Mantel’s formula (Yield = 2 × Growing Stock ÷ Rotation age) is widely used in Europe for sustained yield management.
28. Which yield regulation method focuses on measuring tree increment?
(A) Area method
(B) Volume method
(C) Increment method
(D) Density method
Correct Answer: (C) Increment method
Explanation: This method calculates yield based on the annual growth (increment) of trees in volume or biomass.
29. Which principle is followed in selection forests for yield regulation?
(A) Remove trees only when fully mature
(B) Balance removals with regeneration to maintain continuous cover
(C) Clear-felling at regular intervals
(D) Harvesting only dominant species
Correct Answer: (B) Balance removals with regeneration to maintain continuous cover
Explanation: In selection forests, yield is regulated by removing mature trees while ensuring natural regeneration for sustained yield.
30. A working plan is usually approved by:
(A) Village Panchayat
(B) Chief Conservator of Forests / Government Forest Department
(C) Local NGOs
(D) Private timber contractors
Correct Answer: (B) Chief Conservator of Forests / Government Forest Department
Explanation: In most countries, working plans are prepared by professional foresters and approved by the forest authority.
Section 4: Forest Protection (MCQs 31–40)
31. Forest protection in forestry primarily refers to safeguarding against:
(A) Only timber theft
(B) Fire, pests, diseases, and illegal exploitation
(C) Tourism impacts
(D) Urbanization only
Correct Answer: (B) Fire, pests, diseases, and illegal exploitation
Explanation: Forest protection is a broad concept covering all threats to forest health, productivity, and biodiversity.
32. The greatest threat to forests in South Asia is:
(A) Windstorms
(B) Industrialization
(C) Forest fires and over-exploitation
(D) Wildlife grazing
Correct Answer: (C) Forest fires and over-exploitation
Explanation: South Asian forests face recurring fire hazards and overharvesting pressures, especially from fuelwood demand.
33. What is the main cause of man-made forest fires?
(A) Lightning
(B) Carelessness and shifting cultivation
(C) Volcanic eruptions
(D) Windstorms
Correct Answer: (B) Carelessness and shifting cultivation
Explanation: Human negligence, burning for agriculture, and grazing practices are the leading causes of forest fires in developing countries.
34. A “fire line” in forestry means:
(A) A road passing through forest
(B) A cleared strip in a forest to prevent fire spread
(C) A line of watchtowers in forest areas
(D) A row of planted trees to stop wind
Correct Answer: (B) A cleared strip in a forest to prevent fire spread
Explanation: Fire lines are created by clearing vegetation to act as barriers against the spread of fire.
35. The first step in controlling forest diseases is:
(A) Use of pesticides
(B) Identification and diagnosis of the causal organism
(C) Burning the infected area
(D) Applying fertilizers
Correct Answer: (B) Identification and diagnosis of the causal organism
Explanation: Correct diagnosis of the pathogen (fungus, bacteria, virus, insect) is essential for successful disease control.
36. Which insect is known as the “greatest destroyer of forest trees”?
(A) Grasshopper
(B) Termite
(C) Bark beetle
(D) Locust
Correct Answer: (C) Bark beetle
Explanation: Bark beetles bore into stems, disrupt nutrient transport, and cause large-scale tree mortality worldwide.
37. Which method is commonly used for biological control of forest pests?
(A) Introducing natural predators and parasites
(B) Spraying synthetic fertilizers
(C) Clear-cutting forest areas
(D) Applying heavy irrigation
Correct Answer: (A) Introducing natural predators and parasites
Explanation: Biological control relies on natural enemies like birds, parasitoids, and predatory insects to control pest populations.
38. Illegal cutting of trees is termed as:
(A) Encroachment
(B) Poaching
(C) Smuggling
(D) Illegal felling / Deforestation
Correct Answer: (D) Illegal felling / Deforestation
Explanation: Unregulated cutting reduces forest cover, causes soil erosion, and disturbs ecological balance.
39. Which preventive measure is most effective against forest fires?
(A) Training of local communities and creation of firebreaks
(B) Increasing grazing in forests
(C) Planting only conifers
(D) Avoiding tree pruning
Correct Answer: (A) Training of local communities and creation of firebreaks
Explanation: Fire prevention strategies combine community involvement, controlled burning, and proper firebreak maintenance.
40. In Pakistan, which law provides legal protection against illegal cutting and exploitation of forests?
(A) Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
(B) Pakistan Penal Code
(C) Provincial Forest Acts
(D) Biodiversity Conservation Law
Correct Answer: (C) Provincial Forest Acts
Explanation: Each province has its own Forest Act that regulates forest use, prohibits illegal cutting, and ensures sustainable management.
Section 5: Silvicultural Systems (MCQs 41–50)
41. Which silvicultural system involves clear felling of the entire crop in one operation?
(A) Shelterwood system
(B) Selection system
(C) Clear felling system
(D) Coppice system
Correct Answer: (C) Clear felling system
Explanation: In this system, all mature trees are harvested at once and the area is regenerated artificially or naturally.
42. The shelterwood system is mainly used for:
(A) Species intolerant to shade
(B) Shade-tolerant species
(C) Bamboo and grasslands
(D) Plantation crops
Correct Answer: (B) Shade-tolerant species
Explanation: Shelterwood system retains some mature trees temporarily to provide shade and assist regeneration of tolerant species.
43. The selection system is best suited for:
(A) Even-aged forests
(B) Uneven-aged forests
(C) Short rotation plantations
(D) Monoculture crops
Correct Answer: (B) Uneven-aged forests
Explanation: Selection system removes trees of all age classes periodically, maintaining continuous forest cover.
44. Which system regenerates forests through vegetative reproduction from stumps?
(A) Clear felling system
(B) Coppice system
(C) Taungya system
(D) Shelterwood system
Correct Answer: (B) Coppice system
Explanation: Coppice regeneration uses sprouting from stumps or roots, suitable for species with strong coppicing ability.
45. The “Taungya system” originated in:
(A) India
(B) Burma (Myanmar)
(C) Germany
(D) United States
Correct Answer: (B) Burma (Myanmar)
Explanation: The system, introduced in Burma in the 19th century, combines forestry with temporary agriculture by local people.
46. In the Taungya system, farmers are allowed to:
(A) Cut and sell timber
(B) Practice shifting cultivation in forests permanently
(C) Grow agricultural crops between tree rows until canopy closure
(D) Harvest only bamboo
Correct Answer: (C) Grow agricultural crops between tree rows until canopy closure
Explanation: Farmers cultivate crops for 2–3 years until tree cover develops, after which agriculture is stopped.
47. Which silvicultural system provides continuous canopy and is best for soil and water conservation?
(A) Clear felling
(B) Coppice system
(C) Selection system
(D) Taungya system
Correct Answer: (C) Selection system
Explanation: By removing only selected trees, this system maintains continuous canopy, protecting soil and water.
48. Which silvicultural system is mainly adopted for sal (Shorea robusta) forests in South Asia?
(A) Clear felling system
(B) Shelterwood system
(C) Coppice system
(D) Selection system
Correct Answer: (B) Shelterwood system
Explanation: Sal is moderately shade-tolerant and regenerates well under shelterwood management.
49. Which system is generally used for teak (Tectona grandis) forests?
(A) Clear felling with artificial regeneration
(B) Selection system
(C) Coppice system
(D) Taungya system
Correct Answer: (A) Clear felling with artificial regeneration
Explanation: Teak is light-demanding and regenerates poorly under shade, so clear felling followed by plantations is preferred.
50. A major disadvantage of clear felling system is:
(A) High initial yield
(B) Loss of soil fertility and ecological imbalance
(C) Simplicity of management
(D) Economic efficiency
Correct Answer: (B) Loss of soil fertility and ecological imbalance
Explanation: Clear felling exposes soil, increases erosion risk, and reduces biodiversity.
Section 6: Agroforestry & Social Forestry (MCQs 51–60)
51. Agroforestry refers to:
(A) Growing only agricultural crops
(B) Combining trees with crops and/or livestock on the same land
(C) Planting only fruit trees in farms
(D) Cultivating trees in nurseries
Correct Answer: (B) Combining trees with crops and/or livestock on the same land
Explanation: Agroforestry integrates trees, crops, and animals for ecological and economic benefits.
52. The main objective of agroforestry is:
(A) Reducing tree cover
(B) Maximizing short-term profit
(C) Increasing overall productivity and sustainability of land use
(D) Avoiding agricultural activities
Correct Answer: (C) Increasing overall productivity and sustainability of land use
Explanation: Agroforestry enhances food, fuel, fodder, and timber production while conserving soil and water.
53. Taungya is an example of which type of agroforestry?
(A) Silvopastoral system
(B) Agrosilvicultural system
(C) Agrosilvopastoral system
(D) Multipurpose tree system
Correct Answer: (B) Agrosilvicultural system
Explanation: It combines forestry (trees) with agriculture (crops).
54. Shelterbelts and windbreaks are examples of:
(A) Farm forestry
(B) Silvopastoral systems
(C) Agrosilvicultural systems
(D) Industrial forestry
Correct Answer: (A) Farm forestry
Explanation: Shelterbelts are rows of trees planted on farms to protect crops from wind, conserve soil, and provide microclimate benefits.
55. Social forestry aims to:
(A) Increase timber exports
(B) Meet the local needs of rural communities for fuel, fodder, and small timber
(C) Grow trees for industrial use only
(D) Focus on commercial plantations
Correct Answer: (B) Meet the local needs of rural communities for fuel, fodder, and small timber
Explanation: Social forestry programs involve local participation to improve rural livelihoods and reduce pressure on natural forests.
56. Who first popularized the term “social forestry” in India?
(A) Sir Dietrich Brandis
(B) M. S. Swaminathan
(C) J. C. Westoby
(D) Gifford Pinchot
Correct Answer: (C) J. C. Westoby
Explanation: In the 1970s, Westoby emphasized tree planting for rural communities as social forestry.
57. Farm forestry refers to:
(A) Raising plantations on government land
(B) Raising trees on private farmland to meet household and commercial needs
(C) Planting trees in community lands only
(D) Planting trees for industrial raw material only
Correct Answer: (B) Raising trees on private farmland to meet household and commercial needs
Explanation: Farm forestry integrates tree planting with agriculture on private farms.
58. Which of the following is NOT an objective of agroforestry?
(A) Soil conservation
(B) Biodiversity enhancement
(C) Short-term shifting cultivation
(D) Livelihood improvement
Correct Answer: (C) Short-term shifting cultivation
Explanation: Agroforestry discourages destructive practices like shifting cultivation by offering sustainable alternatives.
59. Which tree species is widely used in agroforestry in South Asia due to its nitrogen-fixing ability?
(A) Eucalyptus
(B) Acacia nilotica
(C) Dalbergia sissoo
(D) Leucaena leucocephala
Correct Answer: (D) Leucaena leucocephala
Explanation: Leucaena improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, making it suitable for agroforestry systems.
60. The main difference between social forestry and agroforestry is:
(A) Social forestry is for communities, agroforestry is for farmers
(B) Social forestry is only for timber production
(C) Agroforestry avoids agriculture, social forestry includes crops
(D) There is no difference
Correct Answer: (A) Social forestry is for communities, agroforestry is for farmers
Explanation: Social forestry emphasizes meeting collective community needs, while agroforestry focuses on integrating trees with farming systems.
Section 7: Forest Mensuration & Inventory (MCQs 61–80)
61. Forest mensuration deals with:
(A) Forest protection
(B) Measurement of trees, stands, and forest produce
(C) Soil classification
(D) Wildlife surveys
Correct Answer: (B) Measurement of trees, stands, and forest produce
Explanation: Mensuration is the science of measuring growth, volume, and yield of trees and forests.
62. The standard height at which tree girth is measured is:
(A) 0.5 m above ground
(B) 1.3 m above ground
(C) 1.7 m above ground
(D) 2.0 m above ground
Correct Answer: (B) 1.3 m above ground
Explanation: Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) is measured at 1.3 m above ground level.
63. Which instrument is commonly used for measuring tree diameter?
(A) Hipsometer
(B) Increment borer
(C) Calipers or diameter tape
(D) Clinometer
Correct Answer: (C) Calipers or diameter tape
Explanation: Diameter tape or calipers are standard tools for measuring tree DBH.
64. Tree height is usually measured using:
(A) Calipers
(B) Abney level or hypsometer
(C) Increment borer
(D) Tape only
Correct Answer: (B) Abney level or hypsometer
Explanation: Hypsometers, Abney levels, and clinometers are used to estimate tree height using trigonometry.
65. Increment in forestry refers to:
(A) Total number of trees in a forest
(B) Increase in growth (volume, diameter, or height) over a period of time
(C) Average age of trees
(D) Forest regeneration rate
Correct Answer: (B) Increase in growth (volume, diameter, or height) over a period of time
Explanation: Increment is the measurable growth of a tree or stand.
66. The instrument used to extract a core sample for age determination is:
(A) Increment borer
(B) Hypsometer
(C) Compass
(D) Planimeter
Correct Answer: (A) Increment borer
Explanation: Increment borers are used to take cores for counting annual rings and estimating tree age.
67. Volume tables in forestry are prepared for:
(A) Estimating soil fertility
(B) Estimating the volume of standing trees
(C) Measuring forest boundaries
(D) Recording tree diseases
Correct Answer: (B) Estimating the volume of standing trees
Explanation: Volume tables provide tree volume estimates based on diameter and height.
68. The ratio of volume of wood to volume of water displaced is called:
(A) Moisture content
(B) Basic density
(C) Specific gravity
(D) Bulk density
Correct Answer: (C) Specific gravity
Explanation: Specific gravity of wood = Oven dry weight / Volume of water displaced.
69. The main objective of forest inventory is:
(A) Tax collection
(B) To estimate growing stock, increment, and yield of a forest
(C) Wildlife conservation
(D) Soil classification
Correct Answer: (B) To estimate growing stock, increment, and yield of a forest
Explanation: Inventories provide baseline data for management planning.
70. Which sampling method is most widely used in forest inventories?
(A) Random sampling
(B) Systematic sampling
(C) Stratified sampling
(D) All of the above
Correct Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation: Depending on forest type, random, systematic, or stratified sampling may be applied.
71. The statistical term “basal area” refers to:
(A) Ground area occupied by a tree trunk at breast height
(B) Area of tree canopy
(C) Root zone area of trees
(D) Total forest area
Correct Answer: (A) Ground area occupied by a tree trunk at breast height
Explanation: Basal area is calculated as π × (DBH/2)².
72. The increment that a tree or stand shows in one year is called:
(A) Current annual increment (CAI)
(B) Mean annual increment (MAI)
(C) Gross increment
(D) Net increment
Correct Answer: (A) Current annual increment (CAI)
Explanation: CAI is the growth achieved in the latest year.
73. The average increment over the whole age of a tree or stand is called:
(A) Gross increment
(B) Mean annual increment (MAI)
(C) Current annual increment (CAI)
(D) Net increment
Correct Answer: (B) Mean annual increment (MAI)
Explanation: MAI = Total volume / Age of the tree or stand.
74. The point where CAI and MAI curves meet is known as:
(A) Rotation age of maximum yield
(B) Optimum harvesting age
(C) Culmination point
(D) All of the above
Correct Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation: At this point, harvesting yields maximum average volume.
75. Tree volume can be estimated using Smalian’s formula, which is based on:
(A) Mid-diameter method
(B) Average of cross-sectional areas at both ends of a log
(C) Only tree height
(D) Only basal area
Correct Answer: (B) Average of cross-sectional areas at both ends of a log
Explanation: Smalian’s formula estimates volume = (Area1 + Area2)/2 × Length.
76. Hipsometer is used for measuring:
(A) Tree age
(B) Tree height
(C) Tree diameter
(D) Tree density
Correct Answer: (B) Tree height
Explanation: Hipsometer works on trigonometric principles for tree height estimation.
77. The form factor of a tree is defined as:
(A) Ratio of actual tree volume to the volume of a cylinder of same basal area and height
(B) Ratio of crown volume to bole volume
(C) Ratio of DBH to height
(D) Ratio of basal area to crown area
Correct Answer: (A) Ratio of actual tree volume to the volume of a cylinder of same basal area and height
Explanation: Form factor helps in correcting tree volume estimates.
78. A dendrometer is used to measure:
(A) Tree height only
(B) Tree diameter increment over time
(C) Soil depth
(D) Forest area
Correct Answer: (B) Tree diameter increment over time
Explanation: Dendrometers monitor radial growth of trees.
79. The unit of basal area is generally expressed in:
(A) Cubic meters
(B) Square meters per hectare
(C) Hectares
(D) Centimeters
Correct Answer: (B) Square meters per hectare
Explanation: Basal area measures cross-sectional trunk area per unit land.
80. The first step in conducting a forest inventory is:
(A) Yield calculation
(B) Sampling design and planning
(C) Tree felling
(D) Volume table preparation
Correct Answer: (B) Sampling design and planning
Explanation: Proper sampling design ensures accuracy and reliability of forest inventory data.